CHAPTER 2 American Experiments 1521‒1700 James A. Henretta Eric Hinderaker Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self America’s History Eighth Edition America: A Concise History Sixth Edition CHAPTER 2 American Experiments 1521‒1700 Copyright © 2014 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

1. Who are the three people in this painting 1. Who are the three people in this painting? What is the painting’s purpose? (Answer: Man is Lord Baltimore, the founder of the Catholic colony of Maryland. The small child is his grandson Cecil Calvert. The older child is an African servant, perhaps a caretaker for Cecil Calvert. The painting celebrates Lord Baltimore’s founding of Maryland and the Calvert family’s wealth and status.) 2. Consider the placement of Lord Baltimore and his grandson in the painting. What does the artist’s presentation of the pair convey? (Answer: Lord Baltimore and his grandson are front and center, conveying their status and power. Lord Baltimore is tall and imposing, but the small grandson’s face and clothing exude light, demonstrating that even young children in high-status families are potentially powerful. Baltimore seems to be handing the map of Maryland to his grandson, indicating the hereditary nature of power and authority in England and America in the seventeenth century.) 3. What is the significance of the African servant in the image? What does it reveal about the status of Africans in Maryland in the 1670s? (Answer: The servant foretells the importance that African slaves would play in the plantation colony of Maryland. His presence in the painting and his fine dress indicate that he occupies a higher status than a slave, however. In 1670, slavery was not yet an entrenched institution in the Chesapeake region.)

I. Spain’s Tribute Colonies A. A New American World 1. Encomiendas 2. Precious metals 3. Society in New Spain

I. Spain’s Tribute Colonies B. The Columbian Exchange 1. Diseases 2. Plants and animals 5

I. Spain’s Tribute Colonies C. The Protestant Challenge to Spain 1. Spain’s status in Europe 2. The English Reformation 3. English expansion

Ask students to examine this engraving which depicts the impact of smallpox on a Native American village in Brazil in the 1550s.   1. Who are the people featured in the image, and what are they doing? (Answer: They are Tupinambá Indians who are coping with an outbreak of smallpox. Man in hammock is ill and being tended by another; two men struggle to carry the body of a dead villager; women are wracked with grief and attempting to comfort one another.) 2. What does the image suggest about the impact of European diseases such as smallpox on the lives of Native Americans? (Answer: Image shows that smallpox was devastating and all-consuming, physically and emotionally.)

II. Plantation Colonies A. Brazil’s Sugar Plantations

II. Plantation Colonies B. England’s Tobacco Colonies 1. The Jamestown Settlement 2. The Indian War of 1622 3. Lord Baltimore Settles Catholics in Maryland 12

II. Plantation Colonies C. The Caribbean Islands 1. European colonization 2. Plantation economy

1. Who are the people depicted in this image. What are they doing 1. Who are the people depicted in this image? What are they doing? (Answer: Image depicts the process of sugar refining in the French West Indies. It includes European sugar planters—white people in European dress. It also includes plantation laborers who are black and dressed in minimal clothing appropriate for a tropical setting.) 2. What does this image suggest about the process of sugar refining and the people who controlled it? (Answer: The size and complexity of the machinery suggests that it was expensive and required substantial capital. Image suggests that Europeans on sugar plantations acquired the machinery and played some role in supervising the plantation workforce, but that they did not participate in the actual processes of work.) 3. What does the image suggest about the people who actually worked on sugar plantations? (Answer: Workers here are black and probably enslaved. They are clearly working hard, driving animals, loading the mill, and overseeing the juice as it emerges from the mill. They have strength for manual labor, but also substantial skills necessary for driving animal power, tending machinery, and refining sugar.)

II. Plantation Colonies D. Plantation Life 1. Indentured Servitude 2. African Laborers

III. Neo-European Colonies A. New France 1. Fur trade 2. Jesuit missions 3. Life in New France

III. Neo-European Colonies B. New Netherland 1. Hudson River settlement 2. England invades

III. Neo-European Colonies C. The Rise of the Iroquois 1. Iroquois domination 2. Alliance with English settlers

III. Neo-European Colonies D. New England 1. The Pilgrims 2. John Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay 3. Roger Williams and Rhode Island 4. Anne Hutchinson

III. Neo-European Colonies D. New England (cont.) 5. The Puritan Revolution in England 6. Puritanism and Witchcraft 7. A Yeoman Society, 1630–1700

IV. Instability, War, and Rebellion A. New England’s Indian Wars 1. Puritan-Pequot War 2. Metacom’s War, 1675–1676

IV. Instability, War, and Rebellion B. Bacon’s Rebellion 1. Frontier War 2. Challenging the Government