Osmosis recap 1.4U1 and 9.1U5

11.3 U1 Animals are either osmoregulators or osmoconformers. Osmolarity means how much solutes are dissolved in a solution. Osmoregulators: maintain homeostasis for osmolarity- they keep their internal solute concentrations within a narrow range. Terrestrial animals, freshwater fish, marine mammals Osmoconformers: Let their osmolarity match that of the solutes in environment. Jellyfish, sea stars

11.3.U9 The type of nitrogenous waste in animals is correlated with evolutionary history and habitat. Nitrogenous wastes are poisonous to animals and must

Nitrogenous wastes in insects is uric acid. 11.3 U2 The Malpighian tubule system in insects and the kidney carry out osmoregulation and removal of nitrogenous wastes. Animals need to maintain homeostasis. -Osmolarity & the removal of nitrogenous wastes is maintained by the Malpighian tubule system in arthropods (insects). Nitrogenous wastes in insects is uric acid. Uric acid & ions are moved into Malpighian tubules by active transport. Uric acid is excreted with feces.

Insects conserve water, and don’t pee

• Unneeded substances are removed: 11.3.U3 The composition of blood in the renal artery is different from that in the renal vein. Kidneys function: to remove wastes, also for osmoregulation (the amount of water in the blood). • Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery • Unneeded substances are removed: Toxins & products of metabolism, urea and other nitrogenous wastes Non-excretory products: excess water, excess salt • Blood exits the kidney through the renal vein

11.3 S1 Skill: Drawing and labeling a diagram of the human kidney.

11.U4 The ultrastructure of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule facilitate ultrafiltration. Ultrafiltration occurs in the renal capsule The capillary wall and basement membrane have pores (fenestrated) High pressure forces water and blood contents (except blood cells) across capillary wall

Small molecules filter through fenestrations into basement membrane 11.3.U4 The Ultrastructure of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule facilitate ultrafiltration Small molecules filter through fenestrations into basement membrane Large molecules (proteins) remain in the blood

Movement across membrane requires ATP 11.3.U5 The proximal convoluted tubule selectively reabsorbs useful substance by active transport High surface area Movement across membrane requires ATP

11.3.U6 The loop of Henle maintains hypertonic conditions in the medulla

11.3.U7 ADH controls reabsorption of water Anti diuretic hormone A diuretic increases urine production (more water in urine) Increase in ADH means small volume of concentrated urine is produced Controlled by hypothalamus

Loop of Henle function is recovery of water and salts from urine 11.3.U8 The length of the loop of Henle is positively correlated with the need for water conservation Loop of Henle function is recovery of water and salts from urine The longer the loop the more water and salt can be recovered

11.3.A2 Treatment of kidney failure by hemodialysis or kidney transplant Kidneys can fail, as a result of diabetes or chronic high blood pressure A donor kidney may be transplanted

11.3.A3 Blood cells, glucose, proteins and drugs are detected in urinary test