Issues for Roosevelt and his “Bull Moosers” 10 Your Initials Pg. 680

ID: Progressive platform adopted by Roosevelt’s Progressive party Significance: More active role for government in economics and social affairs Consolidate of trusts and unions Grow powerful government agencies Women’s suffrage Broad Social welfare programs Minimum wage Social insurance (social security) Looked forward to kind of activist welfare state brought on during New Deal Election of 1912 offered the voters a choice not merely of policies but of political and economic philosophies

Wilson’s New Freedom 10 Your Initials Pg. 679-680

ID: Progressive Democratic platform used for Wilson’s campaign in 1912 Significance: Calls for strong anti-trust regulation, banking reform and tariff reduction Favors small enterprise, entrepreneurship and unregulated and unmonopolized markets Democratss have faith in competition Fragmentation not regulation Election of 1912 offered the voters a choice not merely of policies but of political and economic philosophies

Winner of Election of 1912 10 Your Initials Pg. 681

ID: Wilson wins the electoral college vote handily Significance: Wilson is minority president, but does win majority in Congress Real winner is Progressivism Wilson only wins 41% of popular vote Progressives combined win 74% Progressive party has no real future because only few officials were elected to local and state offices TR was a “one man show”

Wilson’s background and personality defects 10 Your Initials Pg. 681-682

Believed in self-determination ID: Born in VA, raised in GA during civil war has profound effect on beliefs; Well educated student of government, President of Princeton, Governor of New Jersey Significance: Believed in self-determination Shared Jefferson’s faith in masses, if properly educated Defects Cold and standoffish, lacked a “common touch”, sometimes arrogant intellectual Idealistic, try to reform and improve government Morally righteous, hard to compromise at times

Triple wall of privilege 10 Your Initials Pg. 682-684

Achieves changes to banking laws ID: Wilson immediately calls for all out assault on Tariffs, Banks and Trusts Significance: Summons Congress into session and gives State of the Union Address in person to go against the tariff Congress passes the Underwood Tariff Bill Greatly reduced rates Urges public to hold representatives accountable and not defeat the bill Achieves changes to banking laws Federal Reserve Act Federal Reserve Notes Trusts Clayton Anti-Trust Act Federal Trade Commission

16th Amendment 10 Your Initials Pg. 683

ID: Allows for government to tax income Significance: Graduated Income tax started at $3,000 (higher than average family income) By 1917 revenue from income tax is higher than revenue from tariffs Gap continues to widen

Federal Reserve Act 10 Your Initials Pg. 683-684

Regional central banks are owned by member banks ID: Proposal for a decentralized bank in government hands; Splits country into 12 districts, each having its own central bank Significance: Most important piece of economic legislation between Civil War and New Deal Overhaul of banking system which addressed inelasticity of currency shown during panic of 1907 Regional central banks are owned by member banks System overseen by Federal Reserve Board 5 member panel appointed by the President Gives public control Board has ability to issue “Federal Reserve Notes” Paper money which allows for more control of circulation Red-Letter achievement carries nation through financial crisis of World War I

Federal Trade Commission 10 Your Initials Pg. 684

Attempt to tame the trusts ID: Allows president to appoint commission to turn a searchlight on industries engaged in interstate commerce Significance: Attempt to tame the trusts Commissioners expected to crush monopolies at the source by rooting out unfair trade practices, including unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery

Clayton Anti-Trust Act 10 Your Initials Pg. 684

ID: Extended and strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act Significance: Increased list of business practices that were deemed objectionable Price discrimination and interlocking directories Conferred long-overdue benefits of labor Sought to exempt labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust prosecution Explicitly legalizing strikes and peaceful picketing

Federal Farm Loan Act 10 Your Initials Pg. 685

ID: Makes credit available to farmers at low rates of interest from 12 regional federal farm loan banks Significance: Expansion of Wilson’s power after going after Triple Wall of Privilege Act long demanded by Populists One of many laws to benefit rural America

Wilson’s additional progressive reforms 10 Your Initials Pg. 685

La Follette Seaman’s Act ID: Wilson continues progressive reforms after achieving victory over triple wall of privilege Significance: La Follette Seaman’s Act Required decent treatment and living wage on American Merchant ships Workingmen’s Compensation Act Granting assisting to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability Restricted Child Labor Adamson Act Established 8 hour day for all employees on trains in interstate commerce with overtime pay Appoints Louis D. Brandeis to Supreme Court First Jewish member of the Court Reforms have limits Does not include civil rights for African Americans

Jones Act 10 Your Initials Pg. 685

ID: Granted territorial status and promised independence to the Philippines as soon as a stable government could be established Significance: Demonstration of Wilson’s aversion to an aggressive foreign policy and move away from Dollar Diplomacy Stable government and independence comes 30 yrs. later on July 4, 1946

Actions in Haiti 10 Your Initials Pg. 685-686

Signed treaty providing supervision of finances and police ID: Wilson dispatches Marines to Haiti to protect American lives and property in 1915 Significance: Signed treaty providing supervision of finances and police First of many moves in the Caribbean tying nations to U.S. Slightly against Wilson’s anti-imperialist view

Moral Diplomacy 10 Your Initials Pg. 687

ID: President Wilson’s using “soft power” in the Western Hemisphere Significance: Wilson would not engage with countries that were not democratic or friendly with the U.S. Leads to helping Carranza against Huerta in Mexican conflict “I am going to teach the South American republics to elect good men.”

Wilson and Pancho Villa 10 Your Initials Pg. 687-688

Carranza takes over from Huerta and is challenge by Villa ID: Wilson helps arm Carranza and Pancho Villa in their fight against Huerta Significance: Carranza takes over from Huerta and is challenge by Villa Villa tries to start war between U.S. and Mexico by killing 19 Americans in New Mexico

Black Jack Pershing 10 Your Initials Pg. 688

Easily penetrates into Mexico Clash with forces on both sides ID: Called on by Wilson to deal with Mexican threat; Significance: Easily penetrates into Mexico Clash with forces on both sides Can’t capture Villa Recalled with German threat looming

U.S. Official & Public position during outbreak of WWI 10 Your Initials Pg. 689-690

British has closer ties to US ID: The U.S. is officially neutral; Wilson calls for Americans to be neutral in thoughts and deeds Significance: British has closer ties to US Censors keep out stories harmful to the Allies Central Powers counted on American Neutrality Near 11 million had blood-ties to powers Expressed sympathy, but happy to not be involved Most Americans were Anti-German Further hurt image with attacks on American factories and ports Great Majority hoped to stay out of the war

Central Powers protests against the U.S. – Allies trade 10 Your Initials Pg. 690

Germans respond with submarine warfare ID: British and French send huge orders to U.S.; J.P. Morgan and company advance $2.3 Billion to Allies Significance: War pulls U.S. out of recession Germany protests massive trade between Allies and U.S. Germany was free to trade with U.S., but was stopped by geography and British Britain controls sea lanes and harassed U.S. – German trade out of existence Germans respond with submarine warfare

How trade issues lead the U.S. to war 10 Your Initials Pg. 690-691

Allies begin to force American ships into British ports ID: U.S. tries to stay neutral, but is slowly drawn into the war through trade concerns Significance: Allies begin to force American ships into British ports Effective barrier between U.S. and Germany Germany announces submarine warfare around the British Isles Would TRY to not sink neutral shipping Wilson gets Germans to try to WARN ships before they are sunk Germans sink more ships U.S needed to persuade Allies to modify blockade Wilson doesn’t accept this policy U.S. on brink of war if more attacks occur

Importance of the Lusitania 10 Your Initials Pg. 690-691

ID: 128 Americans killed on British ocean liner off the coast of Ireland Significance: Americans shocked an angry over “murder” of citizens Eastern U.S. more eager to fight Wilson protests sinking but does not immediately declare war German’s sink more ships, including the Sussex, Wilson threatens to break off diplomatic relations

Winner of election of 1916 10 Your Initials Pg. 691-692

Roosevelt asked to run by Bull Moose Party and refuses ID: Wilson barely wins electoral and popular majority vs. Charles Evan Hughes Significance: Roosevelt asked to run by Bull Moose Party and refuses Effectively kills the party Democrats nominate Wilson “He kept us out of war” Hughes is not an effective campaigner Democrats claim electing Hughes is a vote for war, with Teddy Roosevelt in charge Hughes sweeps the east, Wilson takes Midwest and West Shows deep division of country on the war