Volume 17, Issue 24, Pages 2150-2156 (December 2007) Aging and Fertility Patterns in Wild Chimpanzees Provide Insights into the Evolution of Menopause  Melissa Emery Thompson, James H. Jones, Anne E. Pusey, Stella Brewer-Marsden, Jane Goodall, David Marsden, Tetsuro Matsuzawa, Toshisada Nishida, Vernon Reynolds, Yukimaru Sugiyama, Richard W. Wrangham  Current Biology  Volume 17, Issue 24, Pages 2150-2156 (December 2007) DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.033 Copyright © 2007 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Comparison of Chimpanzee and Human Age-Specific Fertility and Mortality Patterns (A) Chimpanzee age-specific fertility (mean ± standard error [SE] of six populations) and female probability of surviving (lx) to end of each age class (five wild populations only). (B) Dobe !Kung hunter-gatherers, 1963–1973 [22]. (C) Ache hunter-gatherers, Forest Period [1]. (D) Comparison plot of chimpanzee and human hunter-gatherer age-specific fertility. Age-specific fertility was calculated as the number of births as a fraction of risk years in each 5 year age interval. Intervals with two or fewer risk years in any population were excluded. All data are derived from true fertility and mortality rates rather than from model-fitted data. Current Biology 2007 17, 2150-2156DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.033) Copyright © 2007 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Impact of Somatic Health on Chimpanzee Fertility Rates In females at or above the age of 25, healthy individuals had significantly higher fertility than did females who died within 5 years of the birth or risk year considered. We used data for the two sufficiently-sampled long-term populations, Gombe and Mahale, and indicate the mean of the two populations. Other populations have small samples but similar trends. Current Biology 2007 17, 2150-2156DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.033) Copyright © 2007 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Hazard for Chimpanzee and Human Interbirth Intervals According to the Age of Mother at the Start of the Interval Lines reflect the probability of a chimpanzee bearing a new infant at each time point when the previous infant has survived. (A) All wild chimpanzee birth intervals. (B) Wild chimpanzee birth intervals, excluding intervals that terminated with the mother's death. (C) Birth intervals of human hunter-gatherers in the Dobe !Kung population, adapted from Howell, 1979 [22]. Current Biology 2007 17, 2150-2156DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.033) Copyright © 2007 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions