Generalizations 1. Distinguishing social relationships: Solidarity / Status (??) 2. Distinguishing contextual styles: Formality 3. Expressing basic speech functions: Referential / Affective 4. Language change: Language variation / Social variation Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 450. 1/7
Sociolinguistic Universal 1 IF There is a reciprocal use of something like tu for solidarity It is accompanied by its use to show power Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 450. 2/7
Sociolinguistic Universal 2 IF A feature (like h- dropping) shows a shift in style (formality) It will also signal a difference in social group Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 450. 3/7
Sociolinguistic Universal 3 AS Social distance or status/power difference increases More negative politeness forms will be used Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 450. 4/7
Topics NOT Adequately Covered (because of space constraints) Globalization of English Many applied sociolinguistic topics Bilingual education gets only a mention Implications for L2 learning Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 452. 5/7
Encouraging Sociolinguistic Competence 1 Seek to understand: Linguistic relativity (variation across cultures) Sociolinguistic rules (what English/American ones—and Chinese ones are) Help them sound / come across the way they want to and successfully carry out speech functions Potential for misunderstanding How to avoid it 6/7
Encouraging Sociolinguistic Competence 2 Seek to understand: Culture Shock How to immunize against it with culture capsules, etc. English in a globalized world; lingua franca 7/7