The War of 1812

Economic Warfare Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) Reopened trade with both Britain and France If either nation stopped its attacks on neutral shipping, the US would end trade with its enemy Napoleon indicated that France would stop harassment US ends trade with Britain June 1812 – Britain ends all restrictions on American trade 1806 – Continental System 1806 – Orders in Council 1807 – Milan Decree 1806 – Non-Importation Act 1807 – Embargo Act 1809 – Embargo Act repealed 1809 – Non-Intercourse Act

The War Hawks South and West were most affected by trade restrictions New leaders in the House of Representatives Henry Clay (KY) – Speaker of the House John C. Calhoun (SC) Felix Grundy (TN)

Native Americans Shawnee William Henry Harrison Tecumseh Tenskwatawa (the Prophet) Prophetstown William Henry Harrison Military governor of Indiana Battle of Tippecanoe

The War Begins Ultimate causes: Trade restrictions Native American conflicts Canada! President Madison opposes war, but gives in to pressure “Mr. Madison’s War” America the unready: ‹ 7,000 troops Only 16 ships USS Constitution “Old Ironsides” No Bank of the U.S. “Thousands of American citizens, under the safeguard of public law and of their national flag, have been torn from … everything dear to them; have been dragged on board ships of a foreign nation … to be exiled to the most distant and deadly climes to risk their lives in battles of their oppressors.” ~ James Madison’s War Message ~

The War Invasion of Canada fails British strategy Attack coastal cities Cut off New England from the rest of the states Seize New Orleans and close Mississippi

The War (continued) Baltimore Washington, DC September 13, 1814 Fort McHenry “Star-Spangled Banner” Francis Scott Key Washington, DC August 1814 British march on Washington Madison flees White House and Capitol burned

The War (continued) Battle of Lake Champlain September 11, 1814 British troops head south from Montreal US navy defeats the British fleet on Lake Champlain British retreat to Montreal

The Hartford Convention December 1814 – Hartford, CT New England Federalists Timothy Pickering Secession Moderates propose constitutional amendments Repeal 3/5 compromise 2/3 majority necessary to admit new states No embargo may last longer than 60 days 2/3 majority necessary to ban trade with another nation 2/3 majority necessary to declare war Only natural-born citizens can hold office One-term limit on President; no two consecutive presidents can be from the same state End of the Federalist Party

The End of the War Battle of New Orleans Treaty of Ghent January 1815 Andrew Jackson Treaty of Ghent December 1814 Status quo ante bellum No territory changed hands Land restored to Indians Commissions established to resolve border disputes Impressment continued Effects of the war Nationalism Growth of industry Overseas prestige