IceCube: Neutrino telescope & cosmic-ray detector IceCube at U. Delaware Cosmic-ray physics IceCube/IceTop Future plans 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser Photo: James Roth 17-12-2007

The animation illustrates an air shower 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser

Energy spectrum of cosmic rays Range of IceTop/IceCube DIRECT Air Showers 12 decades of energy Two steady components Galactic Extra-galactic Sporadic effects of solar activity Solar cosmic rays (e.g. from flares) Modulation of galactic component Galactic Extra-galactic Tevatron LHC 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser

Solar energetic particles Solar flare of Dec 13, 2006 Galactic CR suppressed by solar activity Observation by PAMELA Satellite Experiment Solar energetic particles 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser

Active Galactic Nuclei as cosmic accelerators? Auger Collaboration: 20 of 27 events with E > 57 EeV are within 3.1 degrees of an AGN less than 75 Mpc away. Centaurus-A (4 Mpc, white dot) is especially prominent. ( 57 EeV = 0.01 Joule ) ( 1 Mpc = 3 million light years ) Could be from AGN or from other sources associated with concentrations of galaxies Are they protons (as expected if they point to distant sources)? 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser

Acceleration by supernova remnants: ‘standard model’ of galactic cosmic rays Forward shock u1 ~ 4/3 V Particle with E1 E2 = x E1 Contact discontinuity, V SN ejecta Shocked ISM Unshocked ISM Supernova progenitor SNR expands into ISM with velocity V~ 104 km/s. Drives forward shock at 4/3 V TSN ~ 1000 yrs before slowdown Emax ~ Z x 100 TeV 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser

Filamentary structure of X-ray emission of young SNRs: Chandra Cassiopeia A SN 1006 Filamentary structure of X-ray emission of young SNRs: Evidence for amplification, B ~ 100 mG Berezhko&Volk, OG111 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser

Berezhko & Völk: global fit to data with Emax = Z x 3 x 1015 eV arXiv 0704.1715 30 Acceleration, propagation depend on B: rgyro = R/B Rigidity, R = E/Ze Ec(Z) ~ Z Rc Slope change should occur within factor of 30 in energy With characteristic pattern of increasing A 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser

Berezhko & Völk Model galactic component Transition predicted: Subtract from observed to get extragalactic Heavies at end of galactic Extra-galactic protons Transition predicted: 1016.5 to 1017.5 eV 30 26 March 2008 arXiv:0704.1715v1 [astro-ph] Tom Gaisser

Composition with air showers heavy nucleus proton Composition with air showers Proton penetrates deep in atmosphere Shower max deeper ( mu / e ) smaller muons start deeper Heavy nucleus cascade starts high shower max higher up ( mu / e ) larger muons start higher 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser

Composition with air shower experiments Sketch of ground array with fluorescence detector – Auger Project Telescope Array realize this concept Composition with air shower experiments m / e Deep IceCube IceTop Xmax 1000 Km2 detectors: > EeV Auger & Telescope Array Planning low energy extensions Km scale detectors: PeV to EeV 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser

Depth of maximum via air Cherenkov or fluorescence 1018 eV proton Depth of IceTop 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser

A coincident event E0 ~ 30 PeV 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser

IC22 Events ( Red hits = early; yellow/green/blue = later ) IceCube DOM locations blue, AMANDA OM locations red Downward cosmic-ray event (“muon bundle”) Upward candidate n event

Cosmic-ray physcis with IceCube 5 x 1017 eV Coincident events Measure signal in IceTop Compare to signal in deep ice Infer primary composition Goal: find transition: galactic / extra-galactic sources Energy range: <1015  <1018 eV Calibration / partial veto for deep IceCube 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser

IceTop Photo: James Roth, Dec 8, 2007 Photo: Jim Haugen Nov 23, 2007 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser

IceTop tanks 2 tanks per station 2 DOMs per tank 1 tank hit  muon, e or g Both tanks hit  air shower 2 DOMs per tank 1 HG, 1 LG for dynamic range 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser

Muon telescope relates peak of calibration run to VEM ICRC Contribution of L. Demirörs All events Vertical muons (tagged with muon telescope) Full Spectrum Muon Peak Vertical Yellow: Normal un-triggered calibration run Serap ~Jan 25, 2008 Blue: signals in coincidence with muon telescope 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser

IceTop Detector 0.9 m 2 m Diffusely reflecting liner Tank responds to Cherenkov light from charged particles in tank 2 m 0.9 m Diffusely reflecting liner 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser

Dec 13, 2006 GLE observed in IceTop monitoring stream Paul Evenson October 2007

Lateral distribution Ne fitted with NKG Energy deposition (VEM) --different shape Biggest energy deposition is from converting g with E>10 MeV F. Kislat, S. Klepser, A. Van Overlooop icecube/200702001 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser

Spectrum Stefan Klepser preliminary Reconstructed assuming Fe Reconstructed assuming p Spectrum Reconstructed assuming Fe Reconstructed assuming mixed Stefan Klepser preliminary Note: lightly shaded points are in threshold region where results of unfolding algorithm are not meaningful 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser

IceCube deployment 2005-2011 2004 / 05 2005 / 06 2006 / 07 2007 / 08 AMANDA 78 IceCube string and IceTop station deployed 01/05 Deployed in 07 / 08 77 75 76 70 69 68 63 62 61 60 53 54 52 74 73 71 72 2004 / 05 IceCube string and IceTop station deployed 12/05 – 01/06 67 66 65 64 2005 / 06 58 59 57 55 56 IceTop station only 2006 50 2006 / 07 49 48 Plan for 08/09 2560 DOMs deployed to date 3 more seasons planned Crucial planning period during the next 4 – 6 months 47 IceCube string and IceTop station deployed 12/06 – 01/07 44 45 46 39 40 38 2007 / 08 IceTop station only in 06 / 07 30 29 21 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser

IceCube at UD Budget IceTop only support will require some Mar 31, 2008 IceTop only support will require some increase as MRE ends Budget does not include support for extra analysis needed to exploit use of IceTop for solar/heliospheric physics 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser

People IceCube/IceTop Solar / heliospheric group: Faculty Gaisser, Evenson, Seckel, Stanev Research scientists X. Bai, S. Tilav, S. Stoyanov* Post-docs T. Waldenmaier, P. Niessen*, S. Hussain* Grad Students C. Xu, B. Ruzybaev Solar / heliospheric group: J. Bieber, P. Evenson, J. Clem, T. Kuwabara * Leaving in PY07 26 March 2008 Tom Gaisser