Chemistry Essential Standard Bio.4.1 Understanding how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms.

Chemistry Structure and function of living things are governed by chemistry 4 Fundamental Principles of Chemistry Matter Elements Atoms Compounds

Chemistry Chemical bonds are attachments between atoms or molecules Covalent Bond – strong bond sharing electrons between atoms Ionic Bonds – electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom (atoms are charged) Hydrogen bonds – weak bonds between hydrogen of one molecule and oxygen of another molecule

Energy and Matter Energy – ability to do work and cause change Chemical energy Thermal energy Mechanical energy States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas

Solutions Solute – substance that is dissolved into a mixture Solvent – substance in which solute is dissolved in Solution – mixture of solute and solvent Concentration – measure of amount of solute dissolved in solvent (g/mL)

Acids and Bases Acidity or Alkalinity – measure of relative amounts of hydrogen ions in a solution High hydrogen ion activity indicates an acid Low hydrogen ion activity indicates a base Normal hydrogen activity indicates neutral pH –ex. Water! pH Scale - scale to compare acidity and alkalinity Ranges from 0-14

pH Scale 0-3 = strong acid 4-7 = weak acid 7-11 – weak base 11-14 = strong base Buffers - chemical substance that neutralizes small amounts of acids or bases