سوال 1 در بیمار با سابقه سنگ کلیه که در طی یک سال گذشته دفع سنگ نداشته و سونوگرافی اخیر نیز نرمال بوده است در مورد فواصل سونوگرافی بعدی تمامی موارد.

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Presentation transcript:

سوال 1 در بیمار با سابقه سنگ کلیه که در طی یک سال گذشته دفع سنگ نداشته و سونوگرافی اخیر نیز نرمال بوده است در مورد فواصل سونوگرافی بعدی تمامی موارد صحیح است بجز؟ سالانه هر 2-4 سال تا زمان دفع سنگ بعدی در صورت بروز علایم سنگ

سوال 1 در بیمار با سابقه سنگ کلیه که در طی یک سال گذشته دفع سنگ نداشته و سونوگرافی اخیر نیز نرمال بوده است در مورد فواصل سونوگرافی بعدی تمامی موارد صحیح است بجز؟ سالانه هر 2-4 سال تا زمان دفع سنگ بعدی در صورت بروز علایم سنگ

Monitoring Ultrasonography or KUB at 1 year, if negative, every 2 – 4 years thereafter depending upon the likelihood of recurrence

Does Stone Size affect Outcome? Stone size (mm) Average of days to passage % likelihood of need for intervention ≤ 2 8 3 12 14 4-6 22 50 > 6 99 AUA, 2014

Does Stone Location Affect Rates of Passage? % Spontaneous passage rate Proximal ureter 48 Mid-ureter 60 Distal ureter 75 UVJ 79 Coll et al., 2002

Outcome Patients with recurrent stones who undergo thorough metabolic evaluation & specific therapy enjoy a remission rate > 80% & can decrease the rate of stone formation by 90%. A stone chemical analysis together with serum & appropriate 24-hour urine metabolic tests can identify the etiology in > 95% of patients.

Indications for Admission ABSOLUTE INDICATIONS RELATIVE INDICATIONS Intractable pain or vomiting Fever Sepsis UTI/pyelo Obstructing stone with signs of urinary infection Solitary or transplanted kidney with obstruction Solitary or transplanted kidney without obstruction AKI Urinary extravasation Hypercalcemic crisis Stone unlikely to pass: >5mm & located proximal ureter Manthey et al., 2011

Renal Injury in the Setting of Nephrolithiasis Post-obstructive AKI larger stones, bilateral ureteral stones, those with pre-existing kidney disease, & those with a solitary kidney.  Direct Cellular Toxicity:  Interaction of calcium oxalate with epithelial cells of the kidney results in mitochondrial dysfunction, release of oxygen free radicals, & subsequently cell death. CKD/ESRD:  CKD patients were almost 2 times more likely to have a prior diagnosis of urolithiasis.

سوال 2 شایعترین علت سنگسازی در اصفهان؟ هیپرکلسی اوری هیپراوریکوزوری هیپراگزالوری هیپوسیتراتوری

سوال 2 شایعترین علت سنگسازی در اصفهان؟ هیپرکلسی اوری هیپراوریکوزوری هیپراگزالوری هیپوسیتراتوری

Demographic & Clinical Characteristics of the Patients

Frequency of Metabolic Abnormalities Among Patients

The mean ± SD values of serum & 24 hours urine analysis in patients

سوال 3 خانم 50 ساله با سابقه 2 بار دفع سنگ کلیه در طی 4 سال گذشته نیاز به تمامی موارد زیر دارد بجز: سونوگرافی کلیه ها CT Scan بدون کنتراست کلیه ها آزمایش ادرار 24 ساعته برای اندازه گیری الکترولیتهاو... آزمایش بیوشیمیایی خون شامل الکترولیتها و کراتینین

سوال 3 خانم 50 ساله با سابقه 2 بار دفع سنگ کلیه در طی 4 سال گذشته نیاز به تمامی موارد زیر دارد بجز: سونوگرافی کلیه ها CT Scan بدون کنتراست کلیه ها آزمایش ادرار 24 ساعته برای اندازه گیری الکترولیتها و... آزمایش بیوشیمیایی خون شامل الکترولیتها و کراتینین

سوال 4 در رابطه به توصیه های رژیمی به تمامی بیماران با سابقه سنگ کلیه کدامیک از موارد زیر صحیح است؟ افزایش مصرف چای افزایش مصرف آب میوه کاهش مصرف نمک کاهش مصرف مواد حاوی کلسیم

سوال 4 در رابطه به توصیه های رژیمی به تمامی بیماران با سابقه سنگ کلیه کدامیک از موارد زیر صحیح است؟ افزایش مصرف چای افزایش مصرف آب میوه کاهش مصرف نمک کاهش مصرف مواد حاوی کلسیم

سوال 5 کدامیک از موارد زیر در درمان انسداد ناشی از سنگ ارجح است؟ کدامیک از موارد زیر در درمان انسداد ناشی از سنگ ارجح است؟ نیفدیپین تامسولوسین Rowatinex SANKOL

سوال 5 کدامیک از موارد زیر در درمان انسداد ناشی از سنگ ارجح است؟ کدامیک از موارد زیر در درمان انسداد ناشی از سنگ ارجح است؟ نیفدیپین تامسولوسین Rowatinex Sankol

Emergency Management of Renal Colic: Morphine is a potent narcotic analgesic. The usual dosage is 10 mg/70 kg IM or SC every 4 hs. For more rapid results, morphine sulfate can be administered IV in doses of 4-10 mg, but this must be done slowly or in small increments to avoid excessive adverse effects.

Emergency Management of Renal Colic: Meperidine A 60-80 mg dose of meperidine is roughly equivalent to 10 mg of morphine. Meperidine offers a slightly more rapid onset of action & slightly shorter duration of analgesic activity than morphine sulfate. The dosage range is usually 50-150 mg IM or SC every 3-4 hs; it is reduced by at least 50% with IV administration.

Emergency Management of Renal Colic: Antidiuretic therapy DDAVP, can dramatically reduce the pain of acute renal colic in many patients. It acts quickly, has no apparent adverse effects, reduces the need for supplemental analgesic medications, & may be the only immediate therapy necessary for some patients It is available as a nasal spray (usual dose of 40 mcg) & as an IV injection (4 mcg/mL, with 1 mL the usual dose). Generally, only 1 dose is administered. In human studies, approximately 50% of 126 patients tested had complete relief of their acute renal colic pain within 30 minutes after the administration of intranasal desmopressin without any analgesic medication. For patients in whom desmopressin therapy failed, suitable analgesics were 

Active Medical Expulsive Therapy [MET] MET with 30 mg nifedipine extended-release tablet once daily, 0.4 mg tamsulosin once daily, or 4 mg of terazosin once daily Limit MET to a 10- to 14-day course, as most stones that pass during this regimen do so in that time frame. If outpatient treatment fails, promptly consult a urologist. Analgesic therapy combined with MET dramatically improves the passage of stones.

Sankol Drop Remover of kidney & urinary tract stones. Antispasmodic. Adults : 50- 60 drops with some cold water to be taken 3 times/d after meals , in acute treatment , Sankol drop can be used up to one month. Chronic treatment & for prevention of stone formation, dosage is reduced to 30 drops 2-3 times/d.

Recommended Dosage:Capsules: Indications Rowatinex is indicated for the treatment of urinary tract spasm & inflammation associated with urolithiasis. Rowatinex also assists in the dissolution & expulsion of stones in the renal system  Recommended Dosage:Capsules: Adults: usual dose is 1 - 2 capsules three times/d before meals. In case of colic 2 - 3 capsules four - five times daily.

سوال 6 نسخه زیر مربوط به کدامیک از موارد زیر است؟ 1. Powder K citrate N: 300 gr 1گرم در یک لیوان آب بعد از هر وعده غذا میل شود 2. Tab Allopurinol 100 mg N: 100/-- روزی یک عدد 24 h Urine Ca 150 mg 24 h Urine Uric acid 900 mg 24 h Urine Citrate 220 mg 24 h Urine Sodium 120 meq

سوال 6 نسخه زیر مربوط به کدامیک از موارد زیر است؟ 1. Powder K citrate N: 300 gr 1گرم در یک لیوان آب بعد از هر وعده غذا میل شود 2. Tab Allopurinol 100 mg N: 100/-- روزی یک عدد 24 h Urine Ca 150 mg 24 h Urine Uric acid 900 mg 24 h Urine Citrate 220 mg 24 h Urine Sodium 120 meq

سوال 7 در بیمار مبتلا به سنگ کلیه مصرف کدامیک از نوشیدنی های زیر را توصیه می کنید؟ ماءالشعیر آب سیب آب پرتقال آب لیمو

سوال 7 در بیمار مبتلا به سنگ کلیه مصرف کدامیک از نوشیدنی های زیر را توصیه می کنید؟ ماءالشعیر آب سیب آب پرتقال آب لیمو

Juices & Specific Effects Lemon Juice: Drinking 1/2 cup of pure lemon juice (enough to make 8 glasses of lemonade) every day raises citrate levels in the urine, which might protect against calcium stones. Orange juice also increases citrate levels, it does not lower ca & it raises oxalate levels. It is not recommended.

Juices & Specific Effects Cranberry & Apple Juice: contain oxalates, & both have been associated with a higher risk for calcium oxalate stones. Cranberry juice has properties that may increase the risk for both caox & uric acid stones. On the other hand, cranberry juice helps prevent UTIs & so may be helpful for reducing the risk for struvite & brushite stones. Grapefruit Juice: A number of studies have found a risk for stones from drinking grapefruit juice.

Juices & Specific Effects Soft Drinks. Patients with stones should avoid cola drinks with phosphoric acid, because they can severely reduce citrate levels in the urine. Drinks containing citrate seem to be okay, Alcohol. Wine may protect against kidney stones. It is important to remember that beer & other alcoholic beverages also contain purines, which may increase the risk for the less common uric acid stones in susceptible people.

رژیم غذایی بیماران مبتلا به نفرولیتیازیس افزایش مصرف مایعات کاهش مصرف نمک کاهش مصرف پروتئینهای حیوانی عدم مصرف نوشابه های گازدار