Revolution Model 3. Breaking Point – An event or a series of events that serve as final straw and necessitate change 6. Counter revolution- moving closer to original balance 4. Revolution 5. Aftermath Revolution Revolutionaries establish system that goes beyond even original balance 2. Strain on the system Soaring then crashing Class struggle Unhappy intellectuals Incompetent Government Gutless leaders Fiscal Irresponsibility Misuse of military Reduction of Rights 1. Balance between Authority and Liberty Purposes of Government are being met and people are satisfied

The French Revolution 1. 1700’s France the most advance country in Europe. Center of the Enlightenment French culture was envied Old regime and the 3 estates The Privileged Estates 1st (clergy anti- enlightenment)- less then 1% of population and 2% of income paid in taxes, owned 10% of land 2nd (rich nobles, with high offices in Government, disagreed with enlightenment)- 2% of population, 0% of income paid in taxes, 20% of land 3rd Estate- 98 % of population 50% of income paid in taxes, no power in government Bourgeoisie- merchants and artisans. Many were as wealthy as the nobles but they high taxes and had no say. City Workers- paid low wages and were frequently out of work. Peasants- 80 % of the 26 million French. Spent over half of their income on tax and paying nobles and the church.

The French Revoltion 2. Strain on the system Taxes on the 3rd estate - Enlightenment ideas spread in the 3rd Estate. Equality, Liberty, Democracy - Inspired by Voltaire, Rousseau, and the American Revolution - High Taxes, poor crop production, high prices, starvation - High debt (debt doubled under Louis XVI) - Extravagant spending (Marie Antoinette) Madame Deficit - Louis the XVI was a weak leader who avoided problems and would rather engage in leisure - Attempted to tax second estate and was forced to call a meeting of the Estates General - 3rd Estate insisted that each member has a vote. King sided with the nobles eliminating 3rd estate power - Formation of the National Assembly- Created by 3rd Estate to make laws in the name of the French People. - The Tennis Court Oath- pledge to create a new constitution

3. Breaking Point – The Storming of the Bastille. The French Revolution 3. Breaking Point – The Storming of the Bastille.

The French Revolution 4. Revolution The Great Fear- Summer /Fall 1789- Peasants revolted against nobles when they feared that the nobles hired outlaws to terrorize the peasants Bread Riots- October 1789 Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette forced to leave Versailles and live in Paris. August 4th 1789- Nobles and Clergy joined- removed privileges for the 1st and 2nd estates Declaration of the Rights of Man- 8/27/89 “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”

The French Revolution Aftermath of Peasant uprisings 1790- church lost its property and political independence. Priest were to be elected, paid as state officials, and taxed The Assembly did not want to tax the Bourgeoisie. This angered the Peasants who supported their church. Louis and his family tried to escape France- captured and returned to Paris. 1791 Limited Monarchy- still had executive power but not legislative (assemblymen) Louis agreed to hand over power to the Legislative Assembly Legislative Assembly split- radicals, moderates, conservatives Extremes- Emigres- wanted to restore the old regime Sans-culottes- Parisian wage earners who wanted more of a voice. The Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria 1792 because the proposed that Louis be put back on the throne.

The French Revolution Radical and Extreme Measures War with Austria and Prussia Ignoring Prussian threats, 20,000 Parisians invaded the Royal palace, killed 900 Swiss soldiers and imprisoned Louis XVI and his family. Parisians feared that the Royalist prisoners would take over the city so in September 1792- they murdered 1,000’s of prisoners. (Sept. Massacres) The Leg. Assembly broke up out of fear from radicals- 1791 Constitution and King deposed. New Gov’t – the National Convention. The radical group called the Jacobin wanted to remove the king and establish a republic. Jean Paul Marat was one of the radical leaders National Convention – abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic. Louis XVI found guilty of treason and on 1/23/93 he was beheaded.

The French Revolution Radical and Extreme Measures The National Convention- drafted over 300,000 French citizens into the Army. The French Army now had over 800,000 soldiers. Maximilien Robespierre assumes control and attempted to build a “republic of virtue” Attempted to wipe out France’s past monarchy and nobility including names The entire culture had to change. Changed the Calendar and removed Sunday from the week. Outlawed religion and closed churches. Established the Committee of Public Safety- tried and executed “enemies of the State” 3,000 in Paris and up to 40,000 (mostly peasants and poor- the old 3rd estate) Robespierre and the Reign of Terror. Marie Antoinette was beheaded Leaders of the Jacobins were executed July 28th, 1794- Robespierre was beheaded

The French Revolution 1795 Constitution. Created by Moderates Power in the hands of the upper-middle class. 2 house legislature and 5 man executive (Directory) The 5 men were moderates. The Directory named Napoleon Bonaparte the commander of the French Military.

The French Revolution By 1799, Napoleon will become stage a coup d’etat and become a dictator.

The American Revolution 1. Balance between Authority and Liberty 1. Colonist were content with England 2nd highest standard of living Semi-independent

The American Revolution 2. Strain on the system French and Indian War No representation Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, Sons of Liberty Navigational Acts strictly enforced Tea Act, Sugar Act, Stamp Act British Debt on the backs of Americans Quartering Soldiers Boston Massacre Troops occupied Boston First Continental Congress

The American Revolution 3. Breaking Point Lexington and Concord

The American Revolution Declaration of Independence 5. The Aftermath Articles of Confederation gave very little power to a central government. Strong States and a weak national government led to conflict and some local rebellions.

The American Revolution Counter revolution- 1787- The Constitutional Convention Ratification of the Constitution 1789- The Bill of Rights Many consider this a counter revolution of a coup

Revolution Model 3. Breaking Point – An event or a series of events that serve as final straw and necessitate change 6. Counter revolution- moving closer to original balance 4. Revolution 5. Aftermath Revolution Revolutionaries establish system that goes beyond even original balance 2. Strain on the system Soaring then crashing Class struggle Unhappy intellectuals Incompetent Government Gutless leaders Fiscal Irresponsibility Misuse of military Reduction of Rights 1. Balance between Authority and Liberty Purposes of Government are being met and people are satisfied