Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals Fourth Edition By Marilyn Friend Kerri Martin, Contributor Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed, Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Students with Emotional and Behavior Disorders Chapter 7 Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Objectives Define EBDs, explain their prevalence and causes, and outline the development of the EBD field. Describe characteristics of individuals with EBD. Explain how emotional and behavior disorders are identified. Outline how students with EBD receive their education. Describe recommended educational practices for students with emotional and behavior disorders. Explain the perspectives and concerns that parents and families may have. Identify trends and issues influencing the field of emotional and behavior disorders. Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Development of the Field of EBD Time Period Person or Group Events Late 19th century Researchers Interest in children with emotional problems 1904 G. Stanley Hall Book on adolescent psychology 1900s No consistent terminology; unethical to attribute mental illness to children 1931 Medical field First pediatric psychiatric hospital 1950s-60s Behaviorists Behaviors are learned and can be changed 1970s onward Factors causing disorders; educational interventions Book title, #Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

IDEA Defines “Emotional Disturbance” Includes schizophrenia but excludes social maladjustment One or more of the following over a long period of time, to a marked degree, adversely affects educational performance Inability to learn that can’t be otherwise explained Inability to build or maintain relationships Inappropriate types of behavior or expression of feelings Pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression Physical symptoms or fears associated with personal/school problems Book titleSpecial Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

National Coalition on Mental Health and Special Education Definition Behavioral or emotional responses so different from appropriate age, cultural, or ethnic norms that they adversely affect educational performance More than a temporary, expected response to stressful events Consistently exhibited in two different settings, one of which is school Unresponsive to direct intervention in general education Can co-exist with other disabilities May include schizophrenia, affective disorders, anxiety disorder, or conduct disorders Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Examples of EBD from Medical Perspective Anxiety Disorders OCD Phobias PTSD Disruptive Behavior Disorders ADHD Oppositional Defiant Conduct Disorder Disorder Eating Disorders (Anorexia Nervosa) Mood Disorders Depression Bipolar (manic depression) Tic Disorders (Tourette syndrome) Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

6.7% of all students in special education Prevalence of EBD 6.7% of all students in special education African American students more than twice as students overall Estimated that 1 in 5 adolescents has a mental health disorder Half of all adult mental illness before 14 Found in boys 3-4 times more than girls Girls are likely under identified Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Factors that May Contribute to Emotional and Behavior Disorders Biological Psychosocial Heredity Chronic stress at home Nutrition Stressful life events Brain injury Childhood maltreatment Accident or illness Other family factors Resilience No EBD Correlated Constraints EBD Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Behavior Characteristics Internalizing behaviors Withdrawal Easy to overlook Externalizing behaviors Aggression, acting out Readily identified Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Emotional and Social Characteristics Anxiety, fears Anger, aggression Low self-esteem Depression (5% of children and adolescents) Problems with social relationships May need to be taught social skills Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cognitive and Academic Characteristics Low average to average cognitive ability Significant academic difficulties High risk for dropping out of school Do emotional and behavior disorders cause academic problems, or vice versa? Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Formal Classroom Other Types of Assessment Formal Scales, behavior ratings, cognitive and achievement tests Classroom Rating scales, observation, CBM Other Family and developmental history, medical, strengths-based Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Eligibility Criteria Does the student have one or more of the characteristics in the definition of emotional disturbance? Do the student’s characteristics, as assessed, adversely affect educational performance? Can social maladjustment be eliminated as the sole cause of the student’s behavior problems? Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Early Childhood Education Reduce risk factors by Educating young women about the effects of prenatal alcohol, nicotine, and drug use Teaching parenting skills Improving parent-child relationship Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Early Childhood Education, cont. Provide early intervention services Pre-correction Increased instructional pacing Increased rate of praise Specific feedback and error correction Implement clear classroom rules Collaboration between professionals and families Home-school communication Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Elementary and Secondary Education 40.6% of students are in general education 80% of time 22.2% are in self-contained classes 17% in separate schools or facilities Tremendous variation by state Some in day treatment or residential programs Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Concerns about Inclusive Practices Curriculum may put too much pressure on student; no social skills development or anger management Social rejection if likely to occur and general education teachers are more negative about these students than those with other disabilities Mental health treatment is not incorporated into classroom Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Welcome all students to the learning community Inclusion Can Work Welcome all students to the learning community Teach professionals techniques for supporting students in general education Successful inclusion requires Strong administrative support A plan for implementation Enhanced knowledge and skills for teachers Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transition and Adulthood Outcomes are disappointing High dropout rate Problems finding and keeping jobs Improved outcomes result from Family centered practices Better access to mental health services Teaching skills that enhance post-school outcomes Focused transition programs (with vocational and on-the-job training opportunities) Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Recommended Practices Importance of Prevention Early Intervention Positive Behavior Supports Effectiveness of Collaboration Wraparound services System of Care Requirements for Interventions in IDEA Functional Behavior Assessment Behavior Intervention Plan Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Recommended Practices: PBS All students and teachers are clear about the expectations for behavior in all common use areas of the school Students are rewarded for knowing and following these rules Behavior expectations are set at the classroom level A team meets and creates an individualized behavior plan for those whose behavior is not met (RTI model) Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Recommended Practices: System of Care access to a comprehensive array of services receive individualized services receive services within the least restrictive, most normative environment that is clinically appropriate families should be full participants receive services that are integrated with linkages between child-serving agencies provided with case management early identification and intervention ensured a smooth transition to the adult service system rights of children should be protected receive services without regard to race/ethnicity, religion, etc. Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Recommended Practices: FBA Identify the problem behavior Describe in detail the settings in which the behavior occurs Gather information about the behavior using interviews, rating scales, observation, review of student records, and other techniques (ABC: antecedents, behaviors, consequences) Review the data Form a hypothesis about the function of the behavior based on the data gathered (avoid work, get attention, end an interaction, obtain some desired thing) Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Effective Classroom Interventions Peer-mediated instruction Peer tutoring Reciprocal tutoring Cooperative learning Teacher-led instruction (clear, concrete lessons, feedback, opportunity to engage, breaks, choices, etc.) Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Barriers for Parents and Families More likely low income and single parent families Parents may have negative interactions with school professionals Parents more likely to have disorders Little advocacy exists for families Building Relationships with Families Parent education Support groups Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Access to mental health care Use of physical restraint and seclusion Trends and Issues Access to mental health care Increased lobbying efforts Use of physical restraint and seclusion Few states or local districts have clear policies on when these procedures should be used or how they should safely be carried out Little research exists to document the effects of them on students’ behavior and learning Many professionals question whether restraint and seclusion should even have a place in school settings Book title, #e Author Name © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.