Date: Wednesday & Thursday 9/14 & 9/15 2016 Period Three: Revolution Join, or Die is a well-known political cartoon, drawn by Benjamin Franklin and first published in his Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9, 1754. Using the knowledge you have to date about early colonial America what is your take on the significance of this transformative cartoon in the Pennsylvania Gazette?

Mr. Aiken FCHS Jacksonville, FL The French & Indian War, Pt 1 (1756 to 1763) Period Three: Revolution “The Great War for Empire” Mr. Aiken FCHS Jacksonville, FL

North America in 1750

The Albany Congress - 1754 The Albany Congress known as, "The Conference of Albany" was a meeting of representatives sent by the legislatures of seven of the nine northern British North American colonies: Representatives met to discuss better relations with the Native American tribes and common defensive measures against the French threat from Canada in the opening stage of the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France. Delegates did not have the goal of creating an American nation; rather, they were colonists with the more limited mission of pursuing a treaty with the Mohawk and other major Iroquois tribes. Connecticut Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island

This well-known political cartoon, drawn by Benjamin Franklin and first published in his Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9, 1754 is the earliest known pictorial representation of colonial union produced by a British colonist in America.

It is a woodcut showing a snake cut into eighths, with each segment labeled with the initials of one of the American colonies or regions. New England was represented as one segment, rather than the four colonies it was at that time. Delaware was not listed separately as it was part of Pennsylvania. Georgia, however, was omitted completely. Thus, it has eight segments of snake rather than the traditional 13 colonies. The cartoon appeared along with Franklin's editorial about the "disunited state" of the colonies, and helped make his point about the importance of colonial unity. 

1754  The First Clash The Ohio Valley British French Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne * George Washington * Delaware & Shawnee Indians

1754  Albany Plan of Union Ben Franklin  representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA Albany Congress  failed when Iroquois broke off relations with Britain & threatened to trade with the French.

1755  Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Amer. Gen. Edward Braddock goal  evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia) Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, & Acadia. Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne  by 1500 French and Indian forces. Only Br. Success  expelled France from Louisiana. CAJUNS

1756  War Is Formally Declared! Lord Loudouin Marquis de Montcalm Native American tribes exploited both sides!

British-American Colonial Tensions Colonials British Methods of Fighting: Indian-style guerilla tactics. March in formation or bayonet charge. Military Organization: Col. militias served under own captains. Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. Military Discipline: No mil. deference or protocols observed. Drills & tough discipline. Finances: Resistance to rising taxes. Colonists should pay for their own defense. Demeanor: Casual, non-professionals. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

1757  William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister He understands colonial concerns He offered them a compromise: In exchange for colonial loyalty and military cooperation the British Crown would reimburse colonial assemblies for their costs Current Foreign Minister Lord Loudoun would be removed RESULTS?  Colonial morale increased by 1758.

1758-1761  The Tide Turns for England * By 1761, Spain becomes an ally of France

1763  Treaty of Paris France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England. England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

North America in 1763

Effects of the War on Britain? 1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. 3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary!

Exit Slip Question: Why was the “Join, Or Die” political cartoon by Benjamin Franklin so significant?