If you could help people or fix things in society (local or national) what or who would you target?

PROGRESSIVE ERA 1890s-1920 A21w 9.2.13

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS Who were the Progressives? What reforms did they seek? How successful were Progressive Era reforms in the period 1890-1920? Consider: political change, social change (industrial conditions, urban life, women, prohibition)

ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVE REFORM

Progressivism WHEN? “Progressive Reform Era” WHO? “Progressives” 1901 1917 1920s WHO? “Progressives” urban middle-class: managers & professionals; women WHY? Address the problems arising from: industrialization (big business, labor strife) urbanization (slums, political machines, corruption) immigration (ethnic diversity) inequality & social injustice (women & racism)

Progressivism HOW? WHAT are their goals? Democracy – government accountable to the people Regulation of corporations & monopolies Social justice – workers, poor, minorities Environmental protection Moral development HOW? Government (laws, regulations, programs) HOW MUCH????? Efficiency value experts, use of scientific study to determine the best solution wikipedia

Fostering Efficiency Many Progressive leaders put their faith in scientific principles to make society better. In industry, Frederick Taylor began using time and motion studies to improve factory efficiency. “Taylorism” became an industry fad as factories sought to complete each job quickly by breaking tasks down into small parts & using standardized tools.

Reform Darwinism (opposite of Social Darwinism) Lester Frank Ward – Said human beings were different than animals because we could think and plan ahead People succeeded because of their ability to cooperate, not compete Government could regulate economy, help poor, and promote education better than competition Those who agreed with this idea became the reformers of the early 1900’s

Social Gospel Religious social-reform movement (1870- 1920) dedicated to the betterment of industrialized society through application of the biblical principles of charity and justice.  Labor reforms—including abolition of child labor, a shorter workweek, a living wage, and factory regulation—constituted the Social Gospel’s most prominent concerns.

Literature: Naturalism & Realism Realism focused on stresses and conflicts; explored social class issues and human psychology Naturalism themes: People failed in life because of things they couldn’t control; Leaving society and economy unregulated didn’t always lead to the best result Authors included: Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser, Jack London, and the “muckrakers”

Origins of Progressivism “Muckrakers”-journalists and writers who exposed corruption in politics and business (term first used by T. Roosevelt,1906) Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives (1890) Ida Tarbell – The History of the Standard Oil Co (1902) Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities (1904) Upton Sinclair – The Jungle (1906) Wadsworth.com; http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jsteffens.htm Ida Tarbell Lincoln Steffens

MUNICIPAL & STATE REFORMS

MUNICIPAL REFORM Utilities - water, gas, electricity, sanitation Transportation – trolleys Council-manager plan (Dayton, 1913) Shoe line--Bowery men with gift from Tim Sullivan, February, 1910 "Big Tim" Sullivan, a New York City ward boss, rewarded "repeat voters" with a new pair of shoes. Sullivan once explained, "When you've voted ‘em with their whiskers on, you take ‘em to a barber and scrape off the chin fringe. Then you vote ‘em again…Then to a barber again, off comes the sides and you vote ‘em a third time with the mustache…[Then] clean off the mustache and vote ‘em plain face. That makes every one of ‘em for four votes." (Library of Congress) Pageant 13e Reader’s Companion Shoe line - Bowery men with gifts from ward boss Tim Sullivan, February, 1910

MUNICIPAL REFORM strong mayor system COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER CITY SERVICES council-manager plan (Dayton, 1913) COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER CITY MANAGER CITY SERVICES

STATE POLITICAL REFORM secret ballot Robert M. LaFollette- introduced direct primary Initiative Referendum Recall Seventeenth Amendment (1913) Wadsworth.com Robert M. LaFollette, Wisconsin Governor 1900-06

Direct Election Of Senators Before 1913, each state’s legislature had chosen U.S. senators. To force senators to be more responsive to the public, Progressives pushed for the popular election of senators. As a result, Congress passed the 17th Amendment in 1913.

STATE SOCIAL REFORMS professional social workers Health codes Zoning laws Building codes settlement houses - education, culture, day care child labor laws Enable education & advancement for working class children

STATE SOCIAL REFORMS workplace & labor reforms eight-hour work day workers compensation laws minimum wage laws child labor laws unionization improved safety & health conditions in factories Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1911

http://trianglefire.ilr.cornell.edu/legacy/index.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ulaG9x4GpE After watching the video clip and researching the website above, answer the following questions. If you were prosecuting a case against the Triangle Shirtwaist factory, what evidence would you use to show that the owners were culpable in this tragedy? (Provide 4 examples) If you were a state legislator, what new laws/regulations would you support to protect people from similar disasters? (Provide at least 3 examples)

State Social Reform: Child Labor “Breaker Boys” Pennsylvania, 1911 Child Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana. 1908 (1) Description: Child Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana. 1908. Photographer, Lewis W. Hine; Credit: Nartional Archives and Records Administration; http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail272.html (2) Description: Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C. 1908. The overseer said apologetically, "She just happened in." She was working steadily . photographer, Lewis W. Hine;Credit: Nartional Archives and Records Administration; http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail273.html (3) The coal mines of Pennsylvania employed more than ten thousand boys under the age of 16. Known as "breaker boys," they sorted coal. Such work was dangerous and sometimes fatal, as attested by this 1911 headline. (Library of Congress); Pageant 13e History Companion (4) Lewis W. Hine. Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co. Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911.;"On other side of shed still younger children were working. Out of sixty working,... I counted 15 apparently under 12 years of age. Some 3, 4, and 5 years old were picking too.... Boss said they went to work at 3 A.M. and would quit about 3 or 4 P.M." ; PBS American Photography Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co. Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911 Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C. 1908

Public Education Education for the workplace With more and more jobs available that required an education, public school systems saw a significant rise in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. Expanding Higher Education Many new colleges built Traditionally, women’s educational opportunities lagged behind men’s, but this began to change. Public Libraries

Helping the Urban Poor In early 1900’s, some public effort was made to try to help the poor Salvation Army YMCA Women’s clubs Revivalism Settlement houses

Settlement Houses Hull-House – Jane Addams Hull House today: http://cpl.lib.uic.edu/004chicago/timeline/hullhouse.html; http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/addams/aa_addams_subj_e.html; (1906 picture) http://tigger.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/urbanexp/main.cgi?file=img/show_gallery.ptt&gallery=3 Jane Addams (1905) Hull-House Complex in 1906

Promoting Moral Development Some reformers felt that the answer to society’s problems was personal behavior. They proposed such reforms as prohibition.

Background on Prohibition, the “Noble Experiment” Prohibition was the nationwide ban on the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol from 1920-1933. This was enacted through the 18th Amendment (1919), and codified by the National Prohibition Act, also known as the Volstead Act.

TEMPERANCE & PROHIBITION Henretta, America’s History 4e from http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral Prohibition on the Eve of the 18th Amendment, 1919

http://www. travelchannel http://www.travelchannel.com/shows/mysteries-at-the-museum/video/fighting-for-prohibition?soc=sharemail

Roots of Prohibition In the early 1900’s, many Baptists and Methodists took part in revivals that were held, in part, to convert new followers to Christ and overcome the worldly evil of drinking. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GECsin42oS0 Temperance was the effort to persuade individuals to limit use of alcohol or not to drink alcohol at all. Organizations included the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU.) The politically powerful Anti-Saloon League (ASL) advocated temperance and believed that saloons and other sellers of liquor should be forced to close their businesses.

TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT Anti-Saloon League Campaign, Dayton Frances Willard (1838-98), leader of the WCTU http://prohibition.osu.edu/Willard/; http://prohibition.history.ohio-state.edu/asl/OhioDry1.htm Anti-Saloon League Campaign, Dayton

Impact of Prohibition https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2md-mYfZic Though noble in aim (alcoholism contributed to many social ills of the time,) Prohibition limited personal freedom, gave rise to widespread lawlessness, and encouraged the growth of organized crime. Prohibition was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1932.

What is role of government?

RISE OF ORGANIZED LABOR

Economic Alternatives Panic of 1893 prompted some Americans to question the capitalist economic system. As a result, some workers embraced socialism. Eugene V. Debs organized the American Socialist Party in1901 and ran for Presidency 5 times, the last from a jail cell. Debs encouraged workers to reject American capitalism

Socialism Socialism - a government in which the means of planning, producing and distributing goods is controlled by a central government that, theoretically, seeks a more just and equitable distribution of property and labor. (In actuality, most socialist governments have ended up being no more than dictatorships over workers by a ruling elite.)

Organized Labor Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or “Wobblies”): Radical labor union founded in 1905 with ties to both socialist and anarchist labor movements. Wanted workplace democracy/self-management. Socialists parade, May Day, 1910 Though their objectives sometimes differed from those of middle-class Progressive reformers, socialists also became a more active force in the early twentieth century. Socialist parades on May Day, such as this one in 1910, were meant to express the solidarity of all working people. (Library of Congress) Socialists parade, May Day, 1910 Eugene V. Debs, founder

0rganized Labor Joe Hill, labor martyr https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2UF8yw89yE Anthracite Coal Strike (1902)-When mine owners refused to negotiate a wage & work hours settlement with miners, Roosevelt threatened to seize the mines and place them under control of federal troops—the first time a U.S. president had ever sided with strikers against industrialists and forced them to compromise. Ludlow Massacre (1914) http://www.travelchannel.com/shows/mysteries-at-the-museum/video/coalfield-war?soc=sharemail

Roosevelt, Taft & Wilson as Progressive presidents NATIONAL REFORM Roosevelt, Taft & Wilson as Progressive presidents

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How effective were Progressive Era reformers and the federal government in bringing about reform at the national level in the period 1900-1920? (2003B DBQ)

Assassination of President McKinley, Sept 6, 1901 Description: Assassination of William McKinley. Czolgosz shoots President McKinley with a concealed revolver, at Pan-American Exposition reception, Sept. 6th, 1901. Keywords: Credit: Library of Congress http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail261.html

Theodore Roosevelt: the “accidental President” Republican (1901-1909) Wadsworth.com (portrait and on horseback); Underwood and Underwood. Theodore Roosevelt Addressing a Crowd, 1901-09. Collection of The New-York Historical Society. PBS- American Photography (The New-York Historical Society)

Roosevelt’s “Square Deal” Formed upon 3 basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. It aimed to help middle class citizens, and to promote policies beneficial to U.S. society as a whole, not just certain sectors. Wadsworth.com (both) Anthracite miners at Scranton, Pennsylvania, 1900

Trust-Busting By 1900, trusts (legal bodies created to hold stock in many companies) controlled 80% of U.S. industries. Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act http://www.travelchannel.com/shows/mysteries-at-the-museum/video/tobacco-farm-fires?soc=sharemail

Roosevelt the “trust-buster” Northern Securities Company (1904) Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act (1906) strengthened Interstate Commerce Commission Scanned from The Verdict 22 May 1899 by C. Gordon Moffat http://history.osu.edu/projects/uscartoons/gapecartoons/TrustsAsPirates.htm “ONE SEES HIS FINISH UNLESS GOOD GOVERNMENT RETAKES THE SHIP”

Consumer Protection Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle Meat Inspection Act (1906) Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) https://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_1231620267&feature=iv&src_vid=3Uq7znXhOlI&v=TcuTvvpLzok Wadsworth.com (stockyards, Meatpacking workers); Brinkley 11e Instructor Resource CD (The Jungle); Theodore Roosevelt cartoon "A nauseating job, but it must be done“; Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, published in 1906, prompted President Theodore Roosevelt to order an investigation of Sinclair's allegations about unsanitary practices. Roosevelt then used the results of that investigation to pressure Congress into approving new federal legislation to inspect meatpacking. (Utica Saturday Globe) Pageant 13e "A nauseating job, but it must be done"

Pure Food and Drug Act In response to unsubstantiated claims and unwholesome products, Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906, halting the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and calling for truth in labeling. http://www.travelchannel.com/shows/mysteries-at-the-museum/video/miracle-snake-oil

Roosevelt & Conservation Forest Reserve Act (1891)-POTUS has power to set aside national forests Gifford Pinchot--first chief of the U.S. Forest Service (1906) & T.R’s advisor on natural resource management White House Conference on Conservation (1908)—called for the scientific and efficient management of natural resources on the federal level. John Muir--early advocate of national park idea Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot, 1907 Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot, 1907; The two friends and allies in the conservation cause aboard the steamboat Mississippi on a 1907 tour with the Inland Waterways Commission. (Library of Congress)’; [Pageant 13e History Companion] Description: Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir on Glacier Point, Yosemite Valley, California, c1906;Credit: Library of Congress; http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail268.html Theodore Roosevelt & John Muir at Yosemite 1906

National Park Service https://www.nps.gov/index.htm

William Howard Taft President 1909-13 Republican This postcard depicts how President Theodore Roosevelt, in command of the Republican Party, persuaded his friend William Howard Taft to run for president in 1908. Taft was not eager for that office, but Roosevelt succeeded in convincing him to seek it. With Roosevelt's strong support, Taft was elected, but he proved a disappointment to Roosevelt. (Collection of Janice L. and David J. Frent) Postcard with Taft cartoon

Taft’s Progressive Accomplishments trust-busting forest and oil reserves Sixteenth Amendment BUT: Caused split in Republican Party Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy (Taft has) “…completely twisted around the policies I advocated and acted upon.” -Theodore Roosevelt

Election of 1912 Woodrow Wilson (D) William Howard Taft (R) Progressive Party (Roosevelt’s “Bull Moose Party”) “New Nationalism” Roosevelt’s political philosophy: only a powerful federal government could regulate the economy and guarantee social justice, and the executive power should be the steward of the public welfare. Wilson: Wadsworth.com; Description: Theodore Roosevelt as an opera singer who wins the favor of "Miss Insurgency", while Robert La Follette watches in disgust. 03/18/1912. Artist, Berryman, Clifford K.;Credit: National Archives and Records Administration; http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail277.html Woodrow Wilson Theodore Roosevelt cartoon, March 1912

1912 Presidential Election wadsworth

Wilson Reforms (1913-1916) “New Freedom” platform attacked the ‘Triple Wall of Privilege’ — tariffs, banks, and trusts. Underwood Simmons Tariff lowered tariff rates, which resulted in lower prices for goods, helping farmers Federal Reserve Act established the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the U.S.A. Federal Trade Commission Act Created FTC to prevent unfair competition methods and deceptive business acts. Keating-Owen Act banned items made by child labor from being sold in interstate commerce. (Struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court 2 yrs later.) Wadsworth.com Wilson at the peak of his power.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) Strengthened the Sherman Act with an anti-trust provision that prevented companies from acquiring stock from another company. Supported workers’ unions by declaring strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing perfectly legal.

Federal Reserve Act (1913) The Federal Reserve Act intended to establish economic stability through the introduction of a Central Bank, which would be in charge of monetary policy in the U.S. The Federal Reserve Act gave the 12 Federal Reserve banks the ability to manage the money supply. The Fed also has the power to adjust the discount rate (impacting interest rates) and to buy & sell U.S. treasuries.

Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Act Thomson Wadsworth.com

WOMEN & SUFFRAGE

ESSENTIAL QUESTION To what extent did economic and political developments as well as the assumptions about the nature of women affect the position of American women during the period 1890-1925? (1997 DBQ)

Colleges like Vassar and Smith allowed women to excel Women Lead Reform Many of the leading Progressive reformers were women. Middle and upper class women entered the public sphere after graduating from the new women’s colleges. Colleges like Vassar and Smith allowed women to excel

http://womenshistory. about http://womenshistory.about.com/od/suffrageoverview/a/suffrage_timeline.htm http://watchdocumentary.org/watch/crash-course-us-history-episode-31-womens-suffrage-video_89855481d.html Alice Paul http://www.travelchannel.com/shows/mysteries-at-the-museum/video/suffragists-symbolic-pin?soc=sharemail

WOMEN “women’s professions” “new woman” clubwomen A local club for nurses was formed in New York City in 1894. Here the club members are pictured in their clubhouse reception area. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.) http://www.nmwh.org/ProgressiveEra/gfwcpictures.html The Women's Club of Madison, Wisconsin conducted classes in food, nutrition, and sewing for recent immigrants. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.)

Three-Part Strategy for Winning Suffrage Suffragettes tried three approaches to winning the vote: Convincing state legislatures to adopt the vote. Pursuing court cases to test 14th Amendment. Pushing for national Constitutional amendment.

Woman suffrage before 1920 Thomson Wadsworth Wadsworth.com

Women’s Suffrage National American Woman Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA) Carrie Chapman Catt Wadsworth.com Ohio Woman Suffrage Headquarters, Cleveland, 1912

Women’s Suffrage Alice Paul National Woman’s Party Nineteenth Amendment Equal Rights Amendment Suffragette Banner 1918 Description: Women suffragists picketing in front of the White house. The first picket line - College day in the picket line line, 1917;Credit: Library of Congress. http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail294.html; Description: The 19th amendment; Credit: Library of Congress http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail317.html 19th Amendment National Woman’s Party members picketing in front of the White House, 1917 (All: Library of Congress)

RACE RELATIONS

Limits of Progressivism While the Progressive era was responsible for many important reforms, it failed to make gains for African Americans. Like Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson retreated on Civil Rights when he entered office. The KKK reached a membership of 4.5 million in the 1920s

Black Population, 1920 Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.; http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois offered different strategies for dealing with the problems of poverty and discri-mination faced by black Americans at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries. How appropriate were each of these strategies (considering the context in which each was developed)? (1989 DBQ edited)