Unit 1: Motivation, Emotion and Stress WHS AP Psychology Unit 1: Motivation, Emotion and Stress Essential Task 1-6: Describe how emotions are expressed and how cultural influences shape emotional expression. Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B=76 Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184 Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory Motivation & Emotion Stress Sources Measures Theories Effects Coping Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Intrinsic/ Extrinsic Motivation Human Drives Theories of Emotion James-Lange Cognitive Appraisal Schachter two-factor Cannon-Bard Opponent Process We are here Explain complex motives (eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

Essential Task 1-6: Facial Expressions Body Language Gender Culture Outline Facial Expressions Body Language Gender Culture

Expressed Emotion Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice. Is this non-verbal language of emotion universal?

Expressed Emotions

Uncomfortable Which direction are the feet pointing? Arms or legs crossed / hands clasped Looking around the room Agrees as much as possible

Boredom Fidgeting shows boredom and restlessness. Tapping of the foot is distracting and a sure sign of boredom.   Slow looks around the room/ceiling or a fixed gaze

Flirting Eye contact Proximity Caressing of self Needless touch Primping Eyes turned downward Held tilting Exposure of the neck Smile (coy)” an expression combining a half-smile and lowered eyes “ Eye contact Proximity Caressing of self Needless touch Parading Samson Pose

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior Women are much better at discerning nonverbal emotions than men. When shown sad, happy, and scary film clips women expressed more emotions than men. OBJECTIVE 9| Describe some gender differences in perceiving and communicating emotions.

Detecting and Computing Emotion Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving emotions. Even trained professionals like police officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time. OBJECTIVE 10| Discuss the research on reading and misreading facial and behavioral indicators of emotion. Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles is genuine?

Culture and Emotional Expression When culturally diverse people were shown basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them (Ekman & Matsumoto, 1989). OBJECTIVE 11| Discuss the culture-specific and culturally universal aspects of emotional expression, and explain how emotional expressions can enhance survival. Elkman & Matsumoto, Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion

Business world Business school students were given two versions of a case study about a venture capitalist.  The case studies were identical in every way, except in one version the venture capitalist was a woman, and in the other, a man.  The students were then asked to evaluate the VC.  Students found the male and female versions  to be equally competent and effective. However, when the students thought the venture capitalist was a woman they found her to be less genuine, humble, and kind and more power-hungry, self-promoting, and disingenuous.  And the more assertive a student found the female venture capitalist to be, the more they rejected her. Deborah Gruenfeld, Moghadam Family Professor of Leadership and Organizational Behavior

Work-world perceptions differ People possess entrenched cultural ideas that associate men with leadership qualities like decisiveness, authoritativeness, and strength Associate women with nurturing qualities like warmth, friendliness, and kindness.  Consequently, when women behave in dominant ways, they are seen as unlikeable because they violate norms of female niceness.  Alternatively, women displaying feminine traits are judged as less competent and capable.  Women, then, face a kind of trade off: competency vs. likeability.  Men do not face this kind of trade off. http://www.stanford.edu/group/gender/cgi-bin/wordpressblog/2010/11/for-women-leaders-body-language-matters/

Body-language of those in power Differences in the non-verbal behaviors between those at the top and bottom of social hierarchies.  Those with higher status take up more space through expansive postures like sitting with legs and arms spread apart, smile less and stare directly into another person’s eyes.  Those with lower status take up less space through constrictive postures like crossing one’s legs, smile more, and glance away.

Use some dominant body-language People unconsciously defer to those who use dominant physical postures.  Thus, Gruenfeld suggested that using dominant postures may be a subtle way for women to overcome the trade off they face by enabling them to both assert power and remain likeable.  Furthermore, using dominant postures may enable women to act more decisively since Gruenfeld found in a recent experiment she conducted that when people are asked to stare directly into someone’s eyes they reported a much greater generalized sense of power than if they are asked to glance away intermittently.

DISTANCE BETWEEN FACES TONE OF VOICE TYPE OF MESSAGE   very close (3-6")   soft whisper   top secret or sensual   close (8-12")   audible whisper   very confidential   neutral (20-36")   soft voice, low volume     personal subject matter   neutral (4.5-5')   full voice   non-personal information    across the room (8-20')   loud voice   talking to a group   stretching the limits   (20-24' indoors and   up to 100' outdoors)   loud hailing voice   departures and arrivals Derived from The Silent Language by Edward Hall (1959)

Cultural Use of Space Typical North American Office                                                                     Typical North American Office Typical Japanese Office .