Rhetoric Rhetoric is the art of PERSUASION. “They tell us, Sir, that we are weak! But when shall we be stronger?!”

Rhetoric Three techniques of rhetoric are: 1 - Logos 2 - Ethos 3 - Pathos

rhetorical (rhetoric – al) tools for the writer or speaker Parallelism: One of many powerful rhetorical (rhetoric – al) tools for the writer or speaker

Rhetoric The term comes from the Greek “parallelos”, meaning “beside one another.”

Parallelos = Beside One Another

Parallelos = Beside One Another

Parallelos = Beside One Another

Parallelos = Beside One Another

Parallelos = Beside One Another

In art or math, you may come across the idea of “parallels”. Rhetoric In art or math, you may come across the idea of “parallels”.

Parallel Supermans!

What does “parallelism” mean in the world of language? Rhetoric What does “parallelism” mean in the world of language? In writing or speaking, parallelism is a balance of two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses.

Rhetoric Parallel words: Liam likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling. Not Parallel: Liam likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicycle.

Rhetoric Not Parallel: The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and in a detailed manner. Parallel: The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly.

Rhetoric Parallel Clauses: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game.

Rhetoric Parallel Clauses: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game.

Rhetoric If Benjamin Franklin had written, "Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and a leader," we wouldn't be quoting him today.

Rhetoric Instead, he began his list with two adjectives, "healthy" and "wealthy." He completed it not with a noun, “leader.," but with a third adjective, "wise," thereby rendering his saying memorable.

It sounds good, and it creates emphasis! What Franklin did was follow parallel construction, giving his sentence rhythm and cadence. It sounds good, and it creates emphasis!

"Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise."

Rhetoric Charles Dickens used the parallel structure: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness,” from – “A Tale of Two Cities”

Rhetoric Winston Churchill used the parallel structure: We shall fight on the beaches; we shall fight on the landing grounds; we shall fight in the fields and in the streets; we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender.

Rhetoric John F. Kennedy used the parallel structure: "Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty."

I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all mean are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state, sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today.

I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. This is our hope. This is the faith with which I return to the South. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we be free one day.

Using ORGANIZATION, King’s parallelism created RHYTHM and CADENCE: 1. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out . . . 1. I have a dream that one day . . . 1. I have a dream that one day. . . 1. I have a dream that . . . 1. I have a dream today.      2. This is our hope.      2. This is the faith with which I return to the South.           3.With this faith we will be able to . . .           3 With this faith we will be able to . . .

Rhetoric When talking about his cruel older brothers scaring him, comedian Louie Anderson broke the parallel structure to create humor:

“My big brothers always picked on me. I didn’t know what to do . . . Until I got a little older . . . and a little wiser . . . and a little brother . . .

Some well-known PARALLEL statements: “I came, I saw, I conquered.” (Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar) "But let judgment run down as waters, and righteousness as a mighty stream." (Amos 5:24) "Buy a bucket of chicken and have a barrel of fun.“ (Kentucky Fried Chicken slogan) “A kiss can be a comma, a question mark, or an exclamation point. “ (Mistinguett)

In Review . . . Rhetoric is the art of PERSUASION. But not like this!

In Review . . . Or not like this . . . Rhetoric is the art of PERSUASION. Or not like this . . .

In Review . . . And not like this . . . Rhetoric is the art of PERSUASION. And not like this . . .

To convince another through the art of language. In Review . . . Rhetoric is the art of PERSUASION. To convince another through the art of language.

In Review . . . Three techniques of rhetoric are: 1 - Logos 2 - Ethos 3 - Pathos

rhetorical (rhetoric – al) tools for the writer or speaker In Review . . . Parallelism: One of many powerful rhetorical (rhetoric – al) tools for the writer or speaker

In Review . . . Parallelism is a balance of two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses.

Parallel construction gives a sentence rhythm and cadence. In Review . . . Parallel construction gives a sentence rhythm and cadence. It sounds good, AND it creates emphasis.

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