Standards! SS7H1 The student will analyze continuity and change in Africa leading to the 21st century. Explain how the European partitioning across Africa contributed to conflict, civil war, and artificial political boundaries. Explain how nationalism led to independence in South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria. Explain the creation and end of apartheid in South Africa and the roles of Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk Explain the impact of the Pan-African movement.

Independence Pan Africanism Nationalism The common bond shared by people of African descent Africans around the world should work together to achieve independence You Tube video clip Black leaders from around the world met in England in 1945 (Pan-African Congress) Some of these leaders later became president of their newly independent African country (ex. Jomo Kenyatta in Kenya and Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana) Nationalism The idea that people can rule themselves Gained strength after WWII Helped some African countries gain their independence England, 1945

Nigeria Independence – 1960 Former British colony—gained independence through political moves rather than violence After independence: Tension among ethnic groups (250) made independence difficult Civil War with Biafra (East Nigeria) over control of oil Rule by military leaders resulted in multiple coups in the 60s, 70s, 80s,and 90s.

Sir Abubakar Balewa Was born a commoner Became a teacher and headmaster Earned a teacher’s certificate in history in London Became the first prime minister of Nigeria in 1957 Helped to achieve independence in Nigeria peacefully and create the Organization of African Unity (OAU) Was killed in 1966 during a military coup

Kenya Independence - 1963 Former British Colony Violent uprising in the 50s led to deaths of thousands of black Kenyans Jomo Kenyatta Organizer of Pan African Congress Father of modern Kenya Peacefully led fight against British President 1964 to 1978 Led Kenya to be a relatively stable, democratic government but held many political prisoners

Jomo Kenyatta Spent much of his childhood around Europeans Imprisoned for “managing” the Mau Mau—6 yrs. hard labor Elected as Kenya’s first president in 1964 (prime minister in 1963) Chosen in part b/c of his lack of ethnic bias Believed in capitalism Harambee—let’s all pull together

Apartheid – South Africa A Nation of Apartheid Apartheid – Legal racial segregation and non-white discrimination Became official policy in 1948 Rights for non-whites were limited Blacks forced to live in separate areas Whites had better jobs, better education, better medical care, etc. Video clip

Seas of cardboard and corrugated iron, South Africa's townships are a grim legacy of apartheid relocation programs. Cape Town's Philippi Township, pictured here, has swollen in recent years with refugees fleeing poverty and war in Somalia, Angola, and Mozambique. Often called "informal communities," the townships are cheap and largely unregulated, making them attractive to refugees. One of South Africa's fastest growing cities, Cape Town is also one of the most violent, with gangsters controlling large portions of the townships.

African National Congress Began in 1912 (two years after independence) Black African nationalists who opposed apartheid Became aggressive group, often used violence Nelson Mandela became ANC leader, but was jailed for 27 years for his opposition Mandela, 1951

II. End of Apartheid South Africa pressured to end apartheid In 1985, U.S. and Great Britain called for –sanctions against S. Africa (cut off trade). Violence in South Africa increased Video Clip B. F.W. de Klerk White South African who opposed apartheid Elected president in 1989 Helped repeal apartheid laws Released political prisoners like Mandela from prison. (Video clip 2/2/90) Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1993

End of Apartheid (con’t) C. Nelson Mandela Non-violent leader of the ANC Gained popularity while in prison Released from prison in 1990 Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 Elected as South Africa’s first black president in 1994 at the age of 75 YouTube video clip (4/18/94) Mandela on Oprah