Stress & Coping Chapter 42
Types of Stress External/ Internal Developmental Situational
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Initial stage of GAS Alarm Stage – Fight or Flight Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system Signs & Symptoms
2nd Stage of GAS Resistance Stage Attempts to maintain homeostasis
3rd Stage of GAS Exhaustion or Recovery Stage
Indicators of Stress Physiological Psychological Cognitive Clinical Manifestations pg. 975 Psychological Cognitive
Anxiety Mild Moderate Severe Panic
Fear Anger Depression
Defense mechanisms pg. 977 Compensation Denial Displacement Identification Intellectualization Minimization
Defense Mechanisms ( cont.) Projection Rationalization Reaction formation Regression Repression Sublimation
Coping Strategies Adaptive coping - Making healthy choices that decrease negative effects of stress. Maladaptive coping – Does not promote adaptation.
Assessment Nursing history Physical examination Emotional & behavioral responses Cognitive responses
Diagnosing Anxiety Caregiver Role Strain Compromised Family Coping Defensive Coping Disabled Family Coping Ineffective Coping Ineffective Denial
Planning Decrease or resolve anxiety Increase ability to manage or cope with stressful events or circumstances Improve role performance
Nursing Process Ineffective coping R/T ineffectiveness of usual coping mechanisms AEB verbalization of inability to cope. Will demonstrate effective coping mechanisms by completion of program.
Encouraging Health Promotion Strategies Exercise Nutrition Sleep Time Management
Minimizing Stress and Anxiety Listen attentively Atmosphere of warmth, trust, care Include client in plan of care Promote feeling of safety and security Minimize additional stressors Help with recognition of stressors and coping mechanisms
Relaxation Techniques (pg. 981-982) Breathing Massage Progressive relaxation Imagery Biofeedback Meditation Therapeutic touch Music Humor & laughter
Stress Management for Nurses Daily relaxation Regular exercise Assertiveness techniques Learn to accept failure Accept what cannot be changed Develop collegial support groups Participate in professional organizations Seek counseling if indicated
QUESTIONS????