Fig. 1 Overview of model components to identify if hormonal pleiotropy constrains or facilitates phenotypic responses to selection. The environment imposes.

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Environmental and Exploration Geophysics I tom.h.wilson Department of Geology and Geography West Virginia University Morgantown,

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Fig. 1 Overview of model components to identify if hormonal pleiotropy constrains or facilitates phenotypic responses to selection. The environment imposes selection upon performance and life history traits where the relationship between a phenotype (performance or life history trait, etc.) and some fitness metric can be quantified to estimate selection gradients (β). Quantitative genetics can be used to estimate the genetic correlations (r<sub>g</sub>) between a single hormone and the two phenotypes. Selection gradients and genetic correlations can range from −1 to 1. These four components make up our simple quantitative genetics model and are obtainable from longitudinal individual-based studies of wild animals. From: Does Hormonal Pleiotropy Shape the Evolution of Performance and Life History Traits? Integr Comp Biol. 2017;57(2):372-384. doi:10.1093/icb/icx064 Integr Comp Biol | © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Fig. 3 Gray-scale maps showing the magnitude of change in a performance trait after 100 generations of evolution. Each sub-plot has an independent x-axis that represents the genetic correlation between the hormone and the life history trait, and an independent y-axis that represents variation in strength of selection on the life history trait. Panels (A–C) were run with a genetic correlation between the hormone and the performance trait of − 0.24, (D–F) of 0.27, and (G–I) of 0.9. Panels A, D, and G exhibit a strength of selection on the performance trait of − 0.4, B, E, and H of 0.01, and C, F, and I of 0.4. The dashed lines making up boxes on each plot are in the same place, and represent values for these parameters from existing literature (Supplementary Table S1). These boxes are enlarged in Fig. 4. The legend below the plot shows magnitude of change in relative units for each given shade of gray. From: Does Hormonal Pleiotropy Shape the Evolution of Performance and Life History Traits? Integr Comp Biol. 2017;57(2):372-384. doi:10.1093/icb/icx064 Integr Comp Biol | © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Fig. 2 Hormonal pleiotropy can constrain or facilitate the response to selection depending upon the strength and sign of the genetic correlation between the hormone and the life history and performance traits and selection acting on each trait. Here, the model assumes that the performance trait experiences positive selection (Irschick et al. 2008) and there is a positive genetic correlation between the hormone and that performance trait. For example, individuals with faster sprint speeds are more likely to survive and a hormone such as testosterone enhances the expression of sprint speed (i.e., positive genetic correlation between testosterone and sprint speed). If the same hormone influences a life history trait, selection on performance may be facilitated or constrained depending upon the sign and magnitude of both (1) the genetic correlation between the hormone and the life history trait and (2) the selection gradient acting on the life history trait. For instance, if the same hormone enhances the expression of the life history trait (positive genetic correlation between the hormone and life history trait) and there is positive selection on the life history trait (upper right area in panel), the response to selection on performance would be facilitated. In contrast, if increases in the hormone (testosterone) enhance the expression of the life history trait (positive genetic correlation between the hormone and life history trait) but there is negative selection on the life history trait (bottom right area of figure), the response to selection on performance may be constrained. In this model, we varied both the genetic correlation between the hormone and the life history trait and the selection gradient on the life history trait from −1 to 1. The genetic correlation between the hormone and performance trait was set at 0.5 and the selection gradient on the performance trait was set at 1. The inset box shows the magnitude of the response to selection on the performance trait. From: Does Hormonal Pleiotropy Shape the Evolution of Performance and Life History Traits? Integr Comp Biol. 2017;57(2):372-384. doi:10.1093/icb/icx064 Integr Comp Biol | © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Fig. 4 Gray-scale maps showing the magnitude of change in a performance trait after 100 generations of evolution. These plots are the same as in Fig. 3, except that instead of each sub-plot being bounded between −1 and 1, the boundaries of each sub-plot are equivalent to the regions within the dashed boxes in Fig. 3. These values are taken from the existing literature (Supplementary Table S1). As in Fig. 3, the legend below the plot shows magnitude of change in relative units for each given shade of gray but note that the minimum and maximum values differ from those in Fig. 3. From: Does Hormonal Pleiotropy Shape the Evolution of Performance and Life History Traits? Integr Comp Biol. 2017;57(2):372-384. doi:10.1093/icb/icx064 Integr Comp Biol | © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.