A. Mean difference in the lumbar spine areal BMD Z-score in published, controlled trials of bisphosphonate therapy for the treatment of children with osteoporosis, with comparison of results for the treatment versus placebo/untreated control groups. Studies were included with the following criteria: 1. At least 10 patients per group; 2. prospective design with a placebo or untreated control arms; 3. available data on either the pre- and post-treatment change in LS BMD Z-score with standard error OR the percent change in LS BMD Z-score. *Details about the magnitude of the mean change in LS BMD Z-score were not reported; however, the effect size with 95% CI was provided. &Seikaly (2005)533 was a placebo-controlled crossover study design with the results from the first year of the study presented. $Bishop (2013)448 reported least-squares mean difference. B. Relative risk of vertebral and non-vertebral fractures in published, controlled trials of intravenous or oral bisphosphonate therapy for the treatment of children with osteoporosis, with comparison of the number of children with fractures in the treatment versus placebo/untreated groups. Studies were included in the figure if they met the following criteria: 1. At least 10 patients per group; 2. prospective design with a placebo or untreated control arm; and 3. available data on the number of patients with fractures in each group. C. The incidence rate ratio in published, controlled trials of intravenous or oral bisphosphonate therapy for the treatment of children with osteoporosis with comparison of the number of fracture events in the treatment versus placebo/untreated control groups. Studies were included with the following criteria: 1. At least 10 patients per group; 2. prospective design with a placebo or untreated control arm; 3. data available on the number of fractures in each intervention group. Seikaly (2005)533 was a placebo-controlled crossover study design with the results from the first year of the study presented. ALN, alendronate; AN, anorexia nervosa; CF, cystic fibrosis; GC, glucocorticoids; IV, intravenous; yrs, years; NER, neridronate; OI, osteogenesis imperfecta; OLP, olpadronate; PO, oral; Pts, patients; RIS, risedronate. (Reproduced with permission, Ward et al.525) Source: Disorders of Calcium, Phosphate, and Bone Metabolism, Pediatric Endocrinology and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, 2e Citation: Sarafoglou K, Hoffmann GF, Roth KS. Pediatric Endocrinology and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, 2e; 2017 Available at: http://accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/DownloadImage.aspx?image=/data/books/2042/saraped2_ch40_f018a.png&sec=154116484&BookID=2042&ChapterSecID=154116042&imagename= Accessed: October 31, 2017 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved