Vertebrate Animals Bio I DOMAIN- Eukarya KINGDOM- Animalia PHYLUM- Chordata SUBPHYLUM- Vertebrata CLASS- 7 different ORDERS- 10 Placental mammals

Characteristics of all Vertebrates Backbone Endoskeleton Distinct Skull Bilateral Symmetry Closed Circulatory System & chambered heart

Types of Egg Layers Ovoviviparous = eggs are fertilized inside the parent and hatch inside the parent and are born live Oviparous = eggs are laid in a nest or in the ground and hatch Viviparous = internal fertilization with live born young (as soon as the egg is fertilized, it becomes an embryo and develops as a fetus).

Class Agnatha Hagfish and lampreys Jawless & finless Skeleton of cartilage Reproduce sexually Gills Oviparous Lamprey – an ectoparasite Hagfish – a detritivore

Class Chondrichthyes Ex. Sharks and rays Endoskeleton made of cartilage Paired fins Jaws Lateral line system (for sensing vibrations in water—like an “ear”) Scales Oviparous, Ovoviviparous, or Viviparous—depends on species

Class Osteichthyes Tuna, perch, bass, clown fish, eels, seahorses, goldfish, catfish, etc…. * One of the most successful groups on Earth – ever! Endoskeleton made of bones Swim bladder Usually, external fertilization & oviparous (think caviar) Lateral line system Scales different from those in sharks

Class Amphibia Frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts Ectotherms Need H2O for breeding Metamorphosis (tadpole  frog) Gas exchange through moist skin & mouth; primitive balloon-like lungs External fertilization Oviparous 3-chambered heart Many have chromatophores in the skin for coloration, as well as poison glands for defense

Class Reptilia turtles, snakes & lizards, crocodiles Ectotherms – bask and hide to regulate temperature* Scaly, waterproof skin Respire through lungs only** Internal fertilization Oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous (depending on species) 3 or 4 chambered heart Nitrogenous waste is a paste rather than a liquid for water conservation; uric acid Extinct reptiles include dinosaurs and pterosaurs, which dominated the Earth during the Triassic period

Class Aves Birds Endothermic Internal fertilization Oviparous Beaks and claws modified for specific niche Classified as reptiles by many taxonomists Digestive system modified for diet, including crop & gizzard

Aves modifications for flight: Only organism with feathers (modified scales) for flight and insulation Hollow bones - make bird lightweight Front limbs modified into wings Air sacs to aid in breathing at high altitudes Unique muscle tissue for sustained, intense use

Class Mammalia Humans, bears, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, whales, elephants, mice, koalas, platypus Endothermic – hair and layer of fat aid in conserving heat Hair –aids in insulation Mammary glands – produce milk to feed offspring Internal fertilization 2 species of monotreme; oviparous Marsupials and placentals are viviparous

Three Categories of Mammals Monotreme- egg laying mammal Marsupials- young develops outside the body in a pouch Placental- young develops in uterus

3 categories of mammals 1. Monotremes - mammals that lay eggs, have hair, and produce milk with mammary glands Ex. Echidna (eh-kid-nuh) and platypus

- embryo develops in a uterus with a placenta Marsupials - embryo develops in a uterus with a placenta Immature fetus is born into a pouch called a marsupium. All marsupials live in Australia with the exception of the opossum, which can be found in the Americas.

Placentals Placental mammals develop in a uterus attached to a placenta until at a comparably advanced stage of development Widespread on earth – found in every major biome, including marine, arctic, and tundra. Many orders of placental mammals. 10 discussed as follows:

Orders of Placental Mammals Rodentia- razor sharp teeth (rats, squirrels) Lagomorpha- fused hind leg bones (rabbits) Chiroptera- flying mammals (bats) Carnivora- eat meat (lions, tigers, wolves) Cetacea- Blow holes to breathe (dolphins, whales) Insectivora- eat insects (moles, shrews, hedgehog) Artiodactyla- even # of toes (cows, sheep, goat, pigs, hippos, camels) Perissodactyla- odd # of toes (horse, zebra, rhino) Proboscidea- trunks (elephants) Primates- opposable thumbs (apes, monkeys, humans)