Nuclear (Non-)Proliferation

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Presentation transcript:

Nuclear (Non-)Proliferation The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and Enforcement Mechanisms

The United Nations Founded in 1945 Goals: Peace, security, cooperation General Assembly All members of the UN Recommendations Security Council 5 permanent, 10 elected Measures for peace & security

Security Council Powers Responsible for peace and security Art. 41 non-force measures Including interruption of economic relations (sanctions) Art. 42 use of force measures Only legal non-defense use of force

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Since 1968 189 signatories 5 nuclear states, the rest non-nuclear Not DPRK, India, Israel, Pakistan Pillars Non-proliferation Disarmament Peaceful use

Non-Proliferation Nuclear weapon states Non-nuclear weapon states No giving or inducing development of nuclear weapons in NNWS (Art. I) Non-nuclear weapon states No receiving or developing nuclear weapons (Art. II) IAEA verification (Art. III)

Disarmament Duty to negotiate in good faith (Art. VI)

Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy Right to peaceful use (Art. IV) Transfer of nuclear technology (Art. V)

IAEA Safeguards Administers safeguards (III.A-5) Ensures peaceful use, non-diversion (XII.A) Reports non-compliance to SC and GA (XII.C) Additional Protocol to assure non-existence of undeclared activity

Iran’s Nuclear Acitivities Started in ‘50s with U.S. aid Discontinued, revived after Revolution Allegations of undeclared nuclear activity IAEA investigation, diplomatic pressure Referral by IAEA to Security Council Demands to stop enrichment

Security Council Response Resolution 1696 (2006) Cessation of enrichment Resolution 1737 (2006) Sanctions Resolution 1803 (2008) Expansion of sanctions

Sanctions on Iran Sanctions on individuals Sanctions on arms & materiel Financial sanctions Freeze on funds Inspections of cargo to/from Iran

DPRK’s Nuclear Program Negotiations with the U.S. in the ‘90s Withdrawal from the NPT Breakdown of Agreed Framework The Six-Party Talks Expulsion of IAEA inspectors Nuclear tests in 2006 & 2009

Security Council Response Demanded stop to.. Nuclear tests Missile launches Return to NPT, IAEA safeguards

Sanctions on DPRK Sanctions on arms, nuclear/missile material, luxury goods Inspection of cargo to/from DPRK Seizure and disposal of prohibited items Financial sanctions