Why are proteins absolutely awesome? They are made of amino acids. Hint: They have many, many functions in living things.

What are some functions of proteins in the body? neuron

What are some functions of proteins in the body?

Functions of proteins in the body enzymes, pigments, hormones, neurotransmitters, receptors, antibodies, transporters, structure membrane pumps, “I.D. tags” and more…

Antidiuretic Hormone Oxytocin

Why is the shape of a protein important?

Hormone – Receptor Interaction A protein’s shape determines its function Hormone – Receptor Interaction

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Antibody Action Antigen

How is the shape of a protein determined? Antidiuretic Hormone Oxytocin

How does DNA store the information needed to make proteins?

There are 20 different amino acids found in living things.

X Is the Genetic Code a 1 letter (base) code? 4 bases (A,G,C,T) could only code for 4 different amino acids Is a one-base code enough to code for all the amino acids?

Is the Genetic Code a 2 letter (base) code? If each sequence of two nitrogenous bases in one DNA strand* coded for 1 amino acid, how many amino acids could be coded for? *example A A A A A G C T G G G G

X AGAAGAAAACAGCCAA AA, AG, AC, AT GA, GG, GC, GT CA, CG, CC, CT Is the Genetic Code a 2 letter (base) code? X AA, AG, AC, AT 16 code words 20 amino acids GA, GG, GC, GT CA, CG, CC, CT TA, TG, TC, TT

If each sequence of three nitrogenous bases in one DNA strand If each sequence of three nitrogenous bases in one DNA strand* coded for 1 amino acid, how many amino acids could be coded for? *example AAA, AAG, AAC, AAT AGA, ACA, ATA 64 amino acids

G A T C Genetic information is stored as a triplet code. Each 3 bases in DNA codes for one amino acid. These 3 bases are called a codon.

Where are proteins made? ribosomes in cytoplasm and on rough endoplasmic reticulum

If DNA is too big to leave the nucleus, then how does it instruct the formation of proteins? messenger RNA

Transcription DNA ↓ mRNA

template a strand of DNA or RNA that serves as a pattern or guide for the synthesis of a complementary strand of nucleic acid or protein

G A T C CUA G C A U

Glutamate

Which amino acid is coded for by the the codon UCA? Glutamate

Which amino acid is coded for by the the codon CAU? Glutamate

UUUCCAAACCAUUAG Phe - Pro - Asn - His What amino acid sequence would be coded for by the following mRNA sequence? UUUCCAAACCAUUAG Phe - Pro - Asn - His

GGATTCAACATTATAAAA Pro - Lys - Leu CCUAAGUUGUAAUAUUUU What amino acid sequence would be coded for by the following DNA sequence? GGATTCAACATTATAAAA CCUAAGUUGUAAUAUUUU Pro - Lys - Leu

What is a gene? GGATTCAACATTATAAAA - a sequence of bases (nucleotides) in DNA that code for a particular polypeptide (protein)

amino acids do not attach to mRNA How are proteins made? Problem: amino acids do not attach to mRNA

transfer RNA (tRNA) at ribosome mRNA transfer RNA (tRNA) at ribosome transfer RNA (tRNA)

transfer RNA (tRNA) Amino acid mRNA

Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG7uCskUOrA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd-PSTQ

Use the following terms to make a concept map “Protein Synthesis” amino acids, anticodon, codon, cytoplasm, DNA, genes, information, messenger RNA, nucleus, protein, ribosome, synthesis, transcription, transfer RNA, translation,

Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis Word bank Amino acid Anticodon Codon DNA messenger RNA (mRNA) Protein Ribosome transfer RNA (tRNA)

Protein Synthesis DNA mRNA mRNA amino acids new protein (polypeptide) tRNA tRNA leaving ribosome anticodon codon on mRNA ribosome

Protein Synthesis mRNA is synthesized on the DNA template (4) - on worksheet mRNA leaves nucleus, travels to ribosome, and binds with it (2) tRNA carries an amino acid to the ribosome, and tRNA anticodon binds to mRNA codon (1)

Protein Synthesis 4. ribosome moves to the next codon on mRNA (5) 5. tRNA carries an amino acid to the ribosome, and tRNA anticodon binds to mRNA codon (1)

Protein Synthesis the new amino acid carried by arriving tRNA is attached to the amino acid carried by the previous tRNA; the previous tRNA then leaves the ribosome (3) 7. (5) Ribosome moves to the next codon

Protein Synthesis tRNA carries an amino acid to the ribosome, and tRNA anticodon binds to mRNA codon (1) Repeat steps 3, 5, 1 (5, 6, 7)

Protein Synthesis Forming a tripeptide 4, 2, 1, 5, 1, 3, 5, 1, 3

Protein Synthesis

What is a gene? a distinct unit of hereditary material found in chromosomes

Met Val Ala Asp Leu A T T G G A A T A C C A T C G A U G G U A G C U A

Gln Glu Leu Leu Asp G T C C A T T A A C G A G C T C A G G A A U U G C

Translation – the process in which the information coded in RNA is used for the assembly of a particular amino acid sequence

Protein Synthesis DNA ↓ transcription mRNA ↓ translation protein

What is a gene made of ?

The Flow of Genetic Information Sequence of bases in DNA determines the Sequence of bases in RNA Sequence of amino acids in Protein

Protein Synthesis DNA ↓ transcription mRNA ↓ translation protein

Protein Synthesis

Albinism - complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes due to absence or defect of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme involved in the production of melanin. Albinism results from inheritance of recessive gene alleles and is known to affect all vertebrates, including humans.

Transcription Animation http://wwwclass.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/animation/gene/gene_a2.html http://www.ncc.gmu.edu/dna/mRNAanim.htm