VUS2 and 3 Three Worlds Meet

Exploration and Colonization Early European exploration and colonization resulted in the redistribution of the world's population as millions of people from Europe and Africa voluntarily and involuntarily moved to the New World.

Exploration and Colonization Exploration and colonization initiated worldwide commercial expansion as agricultural products were exchanged between the Americas and Europe. This came to be known as the Columbian Exchange. In time, colonization led to ideas of representative government and religious toleration that over several centuries would inspire similar transformations in other parts of the world.

The global transfer of living things Columbian exchange The global transfer of living things

Triangular Trade The exchange of goods, gold and people

The Columbian Exchange From the Old World Smallpox, measles, plague, typhus, influenza, yellow fever, diphtheria, scarlet fever Horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, donkeys, mules, black rats, honeybees, cockroaches Wheat, sugar, barley, coffee, rice, dandelion, and other weeds From The New World Syphilis Turkeys Maize (corn), beans, peanuts, potatoes, sweet potatoes, maniocs, squash, papaya, guava, tomatoes, avocados, pineapples, chili peppers, cocoa

The First English Settlements 1585—establishes the first English Colony Roanoke Island, OBX of North Carolina Colonists return to England the following year 1587—a second colony is founded Same island as before Leaders of Colony returned to England for supplies and more colonists but are unable to return to the colony for over three years!

The “Lost” Colony of Roanoke Island 1588 - Spanish Armada attacks England on the sea Spain defeated by the English navy Sir Walter Raleigh pressed into service of England 1591 - Sir Walter Raleigh and Captain White finally return from England with supplies Colony deserted and all inhabitants are missing Virginia Dare, the first English child born in the New World, among the missing No substantial clue to the Colony’s fate has yet to be found

The Lost Colony

Jamestown Jamestown, established in 1607 by the Virginia Company of London as a business venture, was the first permanent English settlement in North America. Settled farther inland to prevent Spanish attack

Namesakes in Hampton Roads Jamestown was named after James I who followed Elizabeth I (the “Virgin Queen,” after whom Virginia is named) Financed by the London Company (a joint stock company), a group of entrepreneurs who hoped to make a fortune by finding gold and discovering a northwest passage to Asia

The “Starving Time” and John Smith 1609-1610 The Starving Time Captain John Smith initiates “No work, no food” strategy to try to save the colony The first 20 years 7300 settlers arrived Over 6000 died

The Red Letter Year of Jamestown, 1619 1. First women arrive 2. First Africans Maybe slaves, maybe indentured servants 3. First representative form of government in the New World The Virginia House of Burgesses It has operated continuously, and today is the General Assembly of Virginia

Further English Colonial Expansion 1620 – Another Colony is founded Pilgrims attempting to reach Virginia Land in Massachusetts after a storm blows them off course during the Atlantic Crossing Name new settlement Plymouth, after the port they sailed from in England. Eventually this “New England” will be mostly settled by Puritans seeking freedom from religious persecution in Europe.

Settling The New World They formed a “covenant community” based on the principles of the Mayflower Compact and Puritan religious beliefs and were often intolerant of those not sharing their religion. Sought economic opportunity and practiced direct democracy through town meetings.

New England puritans

Middle Atlantic Region The Middle Atlantic region was settled chiefly by English, Dutch, and German-speaking immigrants seeking religious freedom and economic opportunity.

Cecil Calvert, 2nd Lord Baltimore Founders of Colonies William Penn Cecil Calvert, 2nd Lord Baltimore

Religious Freedom in the Colonies William Penn founded Pennsylvania, a larger colony for Quakers that provided a safe home. Penn limited his power, established an elected assembly, and promised religious freedom to all Christians. English Catholics came to America to escape religious persecution. Maryland was founded as a refuge for Catholics by Lord Baltimore in 1634. The Maryland assembly passed the Toleration Act of 1649 to support religious tolerance.

Indentured Servants There were slaves, but indentured servants were a larger source of labor. 7 Year Period of Servitude in exchange for payment for the trip to the New World

Women’s Contributions Women ran farms and businesses; clothing stores, drugstores, and bakeries. Some were nurses and midwives. Most worked primarily in the home. Married women managed households and raised children.

Virginia and the Southern Colonies Virginia and the other Southern colonies were settled by people seeking economic opportunities. The early Virginia “Cavaliers” were English nobility who received large land grants in Eastern Virginia from the King of England

Virginia and the Southern Colonies Poor English immigrants also came seeking better lives as small farmers or artisans and settled in the Shenandoah Valley or western Virginia. Indentured servants arrived also, working on tobacco plantations to pay for their passage

Three Worlds Collide Interactions among Europeans, Africans and American Indians (First Americans)

Native American Relations The explorations and settlements of the English in the American colonies and Spanish in the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. Often led to violent conflicts with the American Indians (First Americans, First Peoples). The Indians lost their traditional territories and fell victim to diseases carried from Europe.

Native American Relations

Native American Relations By contrast, French exploration of Canada did not lead to large-scale immigration from France. Relations with native peoples were often more cooperative.

Beginnings of Slavery – Indentured Servants The growth of a plantation-based agricultural economy in the hot, humid coastal lowlands of the Southern colonies required cheap labor on a large scale.

From Servitude to Slavery As fewer and fewer men wished to sell themselves into Servitude, a new source of labor was needed. The first Africans were brought against their will to Jamestown in 1619 to work on the tobacco plantations. This development of the Plantation System in the Colonies demanded large numbers of slaves to keep the economy going.

Indentured Servants and Slavery Most plantation labor needs eventually came to be filled by the forcible importation of Africans. Some Africans worked as indentured servants, earned their freedom, and lived as free citizens during the Colonial Era, Eventually larger numbers of enslaved Africans were forcibly brought to the Southern colonies through the “Middle Passage”.

Beginning of Slavery

Middle Passage

New England Economy The New England colonies developed an economy based on shipbuilding, fishing, lumbering, small-scale subsistence farming, and eventually, manufacturing. The colonies prospered, reflecting the Puritans’ strong belief in the values of hard work and thrift.

Middle Colonies Economy The Middle Colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware developed economies based on shipbuilding, small-scale farming, and trading. Cities such as New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore began to grow as seaports and commercial centers.

Virginia and the South’s Economy Virginia and the other Southern colonies developed plantation economies in the Eastern Coastal Lowlands that grew “cash crops;” tobacco, rice, and indigo for export to Europe. Farther inland, however, in the mountains and valleys of the Appalachian foothills, the economy was based on small-scale subsistence farming, hunting, and trading. A strong belief in private owner-ship of property and free enterprise characterized colonial life.

Rice, Tobacco, and Indigo

Plantation – Shirley Plantation

New England Society New England’s colonial society was based on religious standing. The Puritans grew increasingly intolerant of dissenters who challenged the Puritans’ belief in the connection between religion and government. Rhode Island was founded by dissenters fleeing persecution by Puritans in Massachusetts.

Religious Intolerance Best example: Salem Witch Trials, 1692

Middle Colonies Society The Middle Colonies were home to multiple religious groups, including Quakers in Pennsylvania and Catholics in Maryland, who generally believed in religious tolerance. These colonies had more flexible social structures and began to develop a middle class of skilled artisans, entrepreneurs (business owners), and small farmers.

Religious Toleration Quakers in Pennsylvania Catholics in Maryland

Virginia and the South’s Society Virginia and the Southern colonies had a social structure based on family status and the ownership of land. Large landowners in the eastern lowlands dominated colonial government and society and maintained an allegiance to the Church of England and closer social ties to England than in the other colonies.

Church of England

Virginia and the South’s Society In the mountains and valleys further inland, however, society was characterized by small subsistence farmers, hunters and traders of Scotch-Irish and English descent. A strong belief in private ownership of property and free enterprise characterized colonial life everywhere in the colonies

The Great Awakening The “Great Awakening” was a religious movement that swept both Europe and the colonies during the mid-1700s. It led to the rapid growth of evangelical religions such as the Methodists and Baptists and challenged the established religious and governmental order. It laid one of the social foundations for the American Revolution.

Preachers of the Great Awakening Jonathan Edwards