Chapter 4: The Human World Section 1: Global Cultures

What makes up culture? Knowledge Attitudes Behaviors

Society A society is a group that shares… Geographic region Identity Culture

Ethnic Group An ethnic group shares… Language Customs Common heritage

Innovation Using something that already exists in a new way to solve a problem

Innovations were used to build a very cheap car called the Nano. Dashboard is in the middle Door handles are the same on left and right No airbag, radio, or air conditioning Some metal parts are replaced by plastic that can be glued together

Diffusion The spread of inventions, ideas, or patterns of behavior This spread happens very fast today due to technology advances Places where this happens quickly are known as cultural hearths (older cultural hearths were centered around rivers and places of trade) Not all societies will accept new innovations

Acculturation Society changes because it accepts innovation

Language Language unifies a culture Between 3,000 and 6,500 languages spoken worldwide Dialect—version of a language Accents of the world

Religion Monotheistic faiths believe in one god Polytheistic faiths believe in many gods Animistic, or traditional, faiths believe in divine forces of nature

Judaism Monotheistic Evolved 3,200 years ago Holy book called the Torah Followers are called Jews

Christianity Evolved from Judaism Based on teachings of Jesus Christ Holy book called the Bible Largest religion (2 billion followers worldwide)

Islam Monotheistic Based on teachings of Prophet Muhammad Followers are called Muslims Worship God called Allah Holy book called the Qur’an

Hinduism Polytheistic Evolved in India around 5,000 years ago Hindu caste system has fixed social classes, specific rites/duties

Buddhism Evolved from Hinduism around 563 B.C. in India Founder Siddhartha Gautama, called the Buddha, or Enlightened One Rejects Hindu castes Seeks enlightened spiritual state, or nirvana

Section 2: Population Geography

Birthrate—Number of live births per thousand people Fertility rate—average number of children born to a woman in a lifetime Mortality rate—number of deaths per thousand people Infant mortality rate—deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births Population growth rate—subtract the mortality rate from the birthrate

A population pyramid shows a population’s sex, age distribution

Where do most people live? More people live between 20˚N and 60˚N latitude More people live along coastal areas and in river valleys More people live in urban areas Less people live in polar, mountain, or desert regions

Migration Reasons for migrating are sometimes called push-pull factors Push factors—drought, war, no jobs… Pull factors—good economy, nice climate, entertainment…

Section 3: Political Geography

State—independent political unit; country Nation—unified group with common culture living in a territory Nation-state—nation and state occupying the same territory

Types of Government Autocracy—all power and authority to rule are in the hands of a single individual Totalitarian dictatorship—the ideas of the leader are glorified and the government seeks to control all aspects of social and economic life Monarchy—a king, queen or emperor exercises the supreme powers of government

Types of Government (continued) Oligarchy—a small group holds power This group can derive their power from wealth, military power, social position, and/or religion (theocracy)

Types of Government (continued) Democracy—rule is by the people Direct democracy—the people govern themselves by voting as an individual on each issue Representative democracy (Republic)—the people elect representatives and give them responsibility and power to make laws and conduct government

Government Systems Unitary system of government—gives all key powers to central government (Great Britain, Italy, France…) Federal system of government—divides powers of government between national government and state or provincial government (U.S.A., Canada, Mexico, India, Russia…) Confederacy—a loose union of independent states

Section 4: Economic Geography

Economy—the production and exchange of goods and services Economic system—way people produce and exchange goods and services

Types of Economic Systems traditional economy—people barter or trade for what they need command economy—the government makes all the economic decisions; also called planned economy market economy—the law of supply and demand determines what is produced and bought; also called capitalism mixed economy—a combination of command and market economies

Natural Resources Natural Resources—Earth’s materials that have economic value Types of natural resources renewable resources (trees, seafood) can be replaced naturally nonrenewable resources (metals, oil, coal) cannot be replaced inexhaustible resources (sun, wind) are unlimited resources

Per capita income—average earnings per person in a political unit Gross domestic product (GDP)—statistic to measure the total value of goods and services produced within a country

Section 5: Urban Geography Urban geography—the study of how people use space in cities Cities—populous centers of business, culture, innovation, and change Suburbs—border central city or other suburbs Metropolitan area—central city plus its suburbs

What are the functions of cities? Shopping Entertainment Government services Educational Recreational Cultural activities

Urbanization The dramatic rise in the number of cites and changes in lifestyle that results The trend to live in cities has increase rapidly in the last 200 years

Land Use Patterns (activities that take place in a city): Residential = single family housing and apartment buildings Industrial = areas reserved for the manufacturing of goods Commercial = used for private business and the buying and selling of retail products

Central Business District (CBD)- the core of the city that is almost always based on commercial activity Business offices and stores are found here The value of land is high here Skyscrapers can be built here to get the most value out of the land bought