Early Rome & Republic

Persian Empire ended by Alexander the Great Shift in Power Persian Empire ended by Alexander the Great Greece civilization on the decline Power shifts towards the Italian Peninsula Along the Tiber River

Sculpture and architecture Literature Built upon the Tiber River Contributions from Greeks Early Romans Alphabet Sculpture and architecture Literature Built upon the Tiber River Seven hills Different cultures The Latins; first “Romans” Latin becomes language of Rome Etruscans from N. Italy Greeks in Southern Italy Mainly trade colonies

Contributions from Etruscans Monarchy To Republic Contributions from Etruscans Toga Roads Army organization Etruscans were kings from 800- 509 B.C.E. Monarchy ends; republic established Republic: a form of government in which the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote

Monarchy To Republic Republic begins to drastically expand Conquered most of Italian peninsula Overthrew Greeks in southern Italy Roman Confederation Some people were full citizens (Latins) Others became allies (provided soldiers)

Why Were they Successful? Qualities of duty, courage, and discipline Sometimes used dictators (temporary rulers) Keys to success: Good diplomats (cautious about citizenship) Excellent military; good strategists Colonies built around Rome (roads connecting them) Practical in law (responsive institutions)

Political Structure of Republic Two groups: Patricians (aristocrats) Plebeians (middle/lower class) Only patricians served in office Plebeians vs. Patricians Patricians dominated legislature Patricians still used wealth for political influence

Roman Government Democratic Aristocratic Executive Centuriate Assembly Senate (Different than U.S.) Advisory branch Controlled money and foreign affairs Consisted of two consuls Ran government and led army Praetors enforced civil law; another added for non citizens Also served as judges and religious leaders

Democratic (all citizens) Aristocratic Senate (Different than U.S.) Only patricians; served for life Advisory branch; still had the force of law Roman Government Democratic (all citizens) Centuriate Assembly- Elected executive leaders Plebeians given the Tribune Could veto Patricians Executive Consisted of two consuls Ran government and led army Praetors enforced civil law; another added for non citizens

Twelve Tables of Rome Law of Nations Roman Law First law code Eventually became more sophisticated, but only for Roman citizens Law of Nations Universal; both citizens and non- citizens Standards of justice Similarities to U.S. Constitution Innocent until proven guilty Trial by jury Property rights

Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.E.) What advantages might Rome have over the Carthaginian Empire?

Rome creates powerful navy (needed to win the war) First Punic War (264 B.C.E.) Rome vs. Carthage Fought over Sicily (controlled by Carthage) Rome creates powerful navy (needed to win the war) Roman success! Gained Sicily; Carthage pays a fine

General vs. General! Publius Cornelius Scipio Hannibal Barca

Hannibal invades Iberia (Spain) to attack Rome 2nd Punic War (218 B.C.E.) Short peace Rome insights revolts in Iberia (Spain) Hannibal invades Iberia (Spain) to attack Rome Crossing the Alps=huge casualties Could not get to Rome; eventually forced back

Carthage pretty decimated 3rd Punic War (149 B.C.E.) Carthage pretty decimated Massive debt and attacked by neighbors Politician Cato called for its complete destruction Siege and destruction of Carthage Lasted 3 years Eventually breached, sacked, and burned for 10 days

Other Conquests Macedonia a Roman province in 148 B.C.E. Also fought with Hellenistic kingdoms Macedonia a Roman province in 148 B.C.E. Greece soon followed Rome now dominates the entire Mediterranean