The World’s People Chapter Four

Culture Culture: The set of beliefs, values, and practices that a group of people has in common Includes many aspects of life, such as language and religion Each culture is unique

http://youtu.be/gqEtq34dSUo Russia - Ukraine

Culture Traits An activity or behavior in which people often take part, such as language spoken or sports played Can be shared by people around the world Can change from place to place http://youtu.be/J2bF86_sTWw Poland

Development of Culture Often learned or passed down from one generation to the next Within families Food Traditions Holiday customs

Cultures develop as people learn new culture traits Immigrants who move to a new country Other factors, such as history and environment, also affect how cultures develop http://youtu.be/4CDx4ahEivY Mexico

Culture Groups Culture Region: an area where people have many shared culture traits Religious beliefs Language Lifestyle A single culture region can dominate an entire country A single country may include more than one culture region within its borders A culture region may stretch across country borders

Often, culture regions are based on ethnic groups, groups of people who share a common culture and ancestry Cultural diversity is the state of having a variety of cultures in the same area Creates an interesting mix of ideas, behaviors, and practices Can sometimes lead to conflict http://youtu.be/GOHvMz7dl2A

How Cultures Change Innovations: New ideas or ways of doing things-often bring about cultural changes As societies come into contact with each other, cultures can change

Cultural diffusion: the spread of cultural ideas from one region to another Occurs when people move from place to place Takes place as new ideas spread from one place to another

Population Population: The total number of people in a given area Determines a great deal about the place where a person lives Influences business, transportation, schools, and more

Geographers study human population Interested in patterns over time How many people live in an area Why people live where they do How populations change

Population Patterns Population density: a measure of the number of people living in an area High population density areas Land is more expensive Roads are crowded Buildings are taller Low population density areas More open spaces Less traffic More available land http://youtu.be/VcSX4ytEfcE

Where People Live When an area is thinly populated, it is often because the land does not provide a very good life Rugged mountains Harsh deserts Polar regions Areas with denser populations tend to be regions with fertile soil, reliable sources of water, and good agriculture climate

Population Changes Geographers look at three key statistics to learn about population changes Birthrate: the annual number of births per 1,000 people Death rate: the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people Rate of natural increase: the birthrate – death rate = percentage of natural increase, the rate at which the population is changing at

Population growth rates differ from one place to another In some countries, populations are growing very slowly or even shrinking In most countries populations are growing In countries with growing populations, governments face many challenges http://youtu.be/tXGfNjVC2RU

Population Change Migration: The process of moving from one place to live in another A common cause of population change Reasons people migrate Some factors push people to leave their country Some factors pull, or attract, people to a new country Page 89 http://youtu.be/80HQJ6XyYmA

Population Trends Earth’s population has exploded in the past 200 years Better health care Improved food production Two important population trends Population in some of the more industrialized nations has begun to slow Less industrialized nations have high growth rates

Homework 2

Governments and Economy Governments of the world include democracy, monarchy, dictatorship, and communism Governments: Make and enforce laws Regulate business and trade Provide aid to people Help shape the culture and economy of a country as well as the daily lives of people who live there

Governments A democracy is a form of government in which the people elect leaders and rule by majority Monarchy: ruled directly by a king or queen One of the oldest types of government In some, power is in the hands of just one person In others, many democratic practices are used

Governments Dictatorship: A single powerful ruler has total control Leader is called a dictator Often rules by force People have few rights and no say in their government Example: Iraq under Saddam Hussein

Governments Communism: a political system in which the government owns all property and dominates all aspects of life in a country Leaders are chosen by the Communist party or Communist leaders People have restricted rights and very little freedom http://youtu.be/8D6d6_-Vngo 1948 anti-communist propaganda cartoon

Economy Economy: A system that includes all of the activities that people and businesses do to earn a living Countries use a mix of different economic activities and systems Geographers divided economic activities into four levels

Economic Levels Primary Industry: People earn a living by providing raw materials or natural resources to others Examples include farming, fishing, mining

Economic Levels Secondary Industry: Use natural resources or raw materials to manufacture other products Example: automobile manufacturers use steel and other materials to build cars and trucks

Economic Levels Tertiary Industry: Goods and services are exchanged Includes people who sell products made in secondary industries and people who provide services rather than goods, such as health care

Economic Levels Quaternary Industry: Involves the research and distribution of information People work with information rather than goods and often have specialized knowledge and skills

Teaching 7. website development Fruit canning 8. car manufacturing Activity: Classify the following activities into one of the four categories mentioned below it. Gold mining 6. fishing Teaching 7. website development Fruit canning 8. car manufacturing Soil conservation 9. electricity generation Architecture 10. building a school Primary activities: Secondary activities: Tertiary activities: Quaternary activities: primary: 1, 6 Secondary: 3, 8, 9 Tertiary: 2, 4, 5, 10 Quaternary: 7

Economic Systems Traditional Economy: System in which people grow their own food and make their own goods Trade may take place through barter, or the exchange of goods without the use of money Often found in rural and remote communities

Economic Systems Market economy: system based on private ownership, free trade, and competition Individuals and businesses are free to buy and sell what they wish Prices determined by the supply and demand for goods Sometimes called capitalism

Economic Systems Command economy: system in which the central government makes all economic decisions Government decides what goods to produce, how much to produce, and what prices will be Communist governments own and control most businesses in their countries

Economic Indicators Measures of a countries wealth used by geographers to decide if a country is developed or developing Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The value of all goods and services produced within a country in a single year Per capita GDP: Level of industrialization, and overall quality of life

Developed and Developing Countries Developed countries have strong economies and a high quality of life; usually have high per capita GDP Developing countries have less productive economies and a lower quality of life; usually have lower per capita GDP http://youtu.be/qb-3Ri5G2j4

Homework 3

Global Connections Globalization: The process in which countries are increasingly linked to each other through culture and trade Caused by improvements in transportation and communication over the last 100 years http://youtu.be/As3pWXoq_as

Globalization Popular culture: culture traits that are widely known and well accepted Food, music, sports, movies U.S. has a great influence on global popular culture and is also influenced by global culture

Globalization Expansion of global trade has increase interdependence - the reliance of one country on the resources, goods, or services of another country-between countries Many companies in one country often rely on goods or services produced in another country http://youtu.be/JJ0nFD19eT8 Examples?

Globalization Because of globalization, the world seems smaller Places are more connected What happens in one part of the world can affect the whole planet The world community works together to promote cooperation among countries in times of conflict and crisis.

A World Community Countries often join together to settle conflicts such as wars, trade disputes, and political disagreements The United Nations (UN) is an organization of the world’s countries that promotes peace and security around the globe. http://youtu.be/bHmXZXsABm0

A World Community A world community promotes cooperation in times of crisis such as earthquakes, floods, and droughts Groups from many nations often come together to provide humanitarian aid, or assistance to people in distress Organizations representing countries from around the globe work to help in times of crisis