Solutions, Acids, & Bases

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Presentation transcript:

Solutions, Acids, & Bases

Solutions

Solutions Solutions type of homogeneous mixture (no visibly different particles)

Solutions Solutions solute is dissolved in a solvent (Not always solid dissolved in a liquid)

Solutions Solutions solubility – how much solute is able to be dissolved in a given solvent

Solutions Solutions solubility factors temperature pressure surface area stirring

Solutions Solutions solubility degrees unsaturated – more solute may theoretically be dissolved saturated – maximum theoretical amount of solute is dissolved supersaturated – more solute dissolved than predicted at given temp.

Solutions Solutions concentration – measure of amount of solute dissolved per quantity of solvent

Solutions Solutions concentration dilute solution – low amount of solute concentrated solution – high amount of solute

Solutions Solutions Concentration molarity (M) – moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution also called molar concentration

Solutions Molarity sample problems A solution has a volume of 2.0 L and contains 36.0 g glucose. If the molar mass of glucose is 180 g/mol, find the molarity.

Solutions Molarity sample problems A saline solution contains 0.90 g NaCl per 100 mL of solution. What is the molarity?

Solutions Molarity sample problems How many moles of solute are present in 1.5 L of 0.24 M Na2SO4?

Solutions Molarity sample problems How many moles of ammonium nitrate are in 335 mL of 0.425 M NH4NO3?

Solutions Solutions concentration diluting – lowering amount of solute in solution by adding more solvent (usually water) M1 × V1 = M2 × V2

Solutions Diluting sample problems How many milliliters of a stock solution of 4.00 M KI would you need to prepare 250.0 mL of 0. 760 M KI?

Solutions Diluting sample problems How many milliliters of a stock solution of 2.00 M MgSO4 would you need to prepare 100.0 mL of 0.400 M MgSO4?

Acids & Bases

Acids & Bases Acids substances that donate hydrogen ions to form hydronium ions (H3O1+) when dissolved in water strong acids fully ionize in water weak acids do not fully ionize in water

Acids & Bases Bases substances that either contain hydroxide ions or react with water to form hydroxide ions strong bases fully ionize in water weak bases do not fully ionize in water

Acids & Bases Acids & Bases degrees of acidity or basicity measured by pH concentration of hydronium ions in solution pH < 7.0 → acidic pH = 7.0 → neutral pH > 7.0 → basic

Acids & Bases Acids & Bases at home… cleaning products are often basic food products are often acidic

Acids & Bases Acids & Bases mixing acids & bases may cause neutralization, forming water and a salt Ex: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O