Cancer unchecked growth that progresses toward limitless expansion

Some common carcinomas: Leukemias: Bloodstream Some common carcinomas: Lung Breast (women) Colon Bladder Prostate (men) Lymphomas: Lymph nodes Some common sarcomas: Fat Bone Muscle

Cancer Prefixes Point to Location Prefix Meaning adeno- gland chondro- cartilage erythro- red blood cell hemangio- blood vessels hepato- liver lipo- fat lympho- lymphocyte melano- pigment cell myelo- bone marrow myo- muscle osteo- bone

Metastasis

Carcinoma in situ (severe dysplasia) Normal Hyperplasia Mild dysplasia Normal Hyperplasia Mild dysplasia Carcinoma in situ (severe dysplasia) Cancer (invasive)

Screening

Biopsy

Grading & Staging General Relationship Between Tumor Grade and Prognosis Five-Year Survival Rates for Patients with Melanoma (by stage) 100% 100% Low grade Patient Survival Rate 50% High grade I II III 1 2 3 4 5 Stage at Time of Initial Diagnosis Years

20-Year Lag Time Between Smoking and Lung Cancer Cigarettes Smoked per Person per Year Cigarette consumption (men) Lung Cancer Deaths (per 100,000 people) 4000 3000 2000 1000 150 100 50 Lung cancer (men) Cancer Risk and Aging 400 300 200 100 Colon Breast 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 Year Number of Cancer Cases (per 100,000 people) 0 20 40 60 80 Age of Person (in years)

Some viruses or bacteria Etiology Some viruses or bacteria Some chemicals Radiation Heredity Diet Hormones

Some Viruses Associated with Human Cancers

AIDS and Kaposi’s Sarcoma Without disease HIV infection Depressed immune system KSHV infection Kaposi’s sarcoma

Heredity Can Affect Many Types of Cancer

Proto-oncogene / Oncogene

Tumor suppressor gene

DNA repair gene Normal DNA repair Base pair mismatch No cancer Cancer No DNA repair

Mutations and Cancer

Carcinogen

Take home message Difference between normal and cancer cell Carcinogenic mutation: proto-oncogene, oncogene, tumor suppressor gene