The IRI was founded approximately 12 years ago with a mission To enhance society’s capability to understand, anticipate and manage the impacts of climate in order to improve human welfare, especially in developing countries. It does this through applied research in climate science, and climate risk management innovations, through practical demonstration of such innovations in the field, specifically in developing countries, through advocacy of a risk management approach to managing climate sensitive sectors. We also have an education and training programme designed to build capacity in the next generation of students, researchers and professionals in a basic understanding of the climate, how it works and how climate information can be used in decision-making processes. Demonstrate Innovate Advocate Educate IRI’s mission To enhance society’s capability to understand, anticipate and manage the impacts of climate in order to improve human welfare, especially in developing countries. 1 1

IRI/LDEO Climate Data Library http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/

Data Library Structure leads to powerful applications The Data Library's open data model and ability to create networks of virtual web pages and resources leads to some powerful applications What follows is a brief explanation and some examples Availability, Access, and Use

Overview multidimensional Specialized Data Tools Maproom Generalized Data Tools Data Viewer Data Language So here is the IRI/LDEO Data Library shot at this, connecting the space of data and data manipulations. At the bottom we have the compute engine/data organization, which is what maps the data/manipulation space into URLs, i.e. the WWW. Built on top of that are some general data tools, i.e. they can be applied to any dataset and adapt accordingly. There is a data language, making it possible to specify sophisticated analyses. And there is a data viewer, making it possible to quickly graph data in a number of standard ways. And there are also more specialized tools, designed for particular audiences to view specific things. We have a Maproom (soon to be or already map rooms) which contains continuously updated views of aspects of the climate system, as well as specialized tools aimed at particular audiences that let a use extract views/data with a few clicks. There is a tradeoff here: the general tools are great, but require a user to navigate a vast set of datasets and a vast set of possible manipulations, which not everybody is up to. The specialized tools are a way to make sophisticated calculations easy to access. IRI Data Collection Dataset Variable ivar multidimensional URL/URI for data, calculations, figs, etc

“geolocated by lat/lon” multidimensional “geolocation by IRI Data Collection Economics Public Health “geolocated by entity” Ocean/Atm “geolocated by lat/lon” multidimensional GIS “geolocation by vector object or projection metadata” spectral harmonics equal-area grids GRIB grid codes climate divisions IRI Data Collection Dataset Variable ivar multidimensional Data Cultures “Broadly Speaking” We started with Oceans/Atm – multidimensional geolocated by lat/lon – with exceptions that tend to get handled in non-standard ways. GRIB in some ways is the 600 lb gorilla, since it is very similar in style to the WCS standard in that metadata carries the geolocation, but, of course, it is a difficult if-not- impossible standard to completely code for. Economics/Public Health geolocation by entity, mostly tables GIS geolocation by vector object or by projection metadata -- mostly a 2D mindset in the tools, which makes time analysis of data difficult. IRI Data Collection – nested datasets, multidimensional variables with independent variables All variables have attributes which can affect the way the data is processed and/or displayed We use dimensions for a lot –lon,lat,height,time forecast time, lead time, eigenvalue number, member number, country, district, category Dataflow, delayed execution architecture, which means one can usefully define many dimensions even when one tends to only evaluate a few realizations at a time.

GRIB netCDF images binary Database Tables queries OpenDAP IRI Data Collection GRIB netCDF images binary spreadsheets shapefiles Database Tables queries Servers OpenDAP THREDDS images w/proj IRI Data Collection Dataset Variable ivar But, of course, those abstract data types are actual data files and data services in various formats and using various protocols.

descriptive and navigational pages IRI Data Collection GRIB netCDF images binary spreadsheets shapefiles Database Tables queries Servers OpenDAP THREDDS images w/proj IRI Data Collection Dataset Variable ivar Calculations “virtual variables” images graphics descriptive and navigational pages Having got all that data into the data library, we can process it in a uniform way. The data structure leads directly to calculations and “virtual variables”, i.e. many of the Data Library entries are actually calculations done on other entities, e.g. PressureLevel data zonal velocities computed from hybrid level divergence and vorticity, or sea surface temperature anomaly computed from sea surface temperature and sea surface temperature climatology User Interface – the data collection structure and metadata is used to generate a web interface to the data – provides navigation through the datasets, a viewer that slices and dices, many manipulations and calculations. We also generate output Data Files in many different formats, as well as tables of various kinds, many of which are useful to one kind of user or another, i.e. different data cultures have different preferred formats. Atm/Ocean like netcdf and straight binary, GIS prefers sets of images, Public Health prefers tables. We also act as a data server using OpenDAP and THREDDS, again mostly useful for Ocean/Atm We have perhaps implemented OpenGIS Web Map Server v1.3 – a bit of a mistake, since v1.3 is the next version rather than the currently widely used one. Time will correct this, with any luck. It is important to note that everything following from the structure and attributes in the IRI Data Collection, no additional configuration is done to control the conversions to different fromats or to serve the data with different protocols. Not all data can be served in all formats. OpenDAP/THREDDS is particularly important because it can express any dataset and/or any analysis, so that I can transfer calculations between servers. At least, it will once I code transmission of SimpleFeatures with OpenDAP. Clients OpenDAP THREDDS Data Files netcdf binary images Tables OpenGIS WMS/WCSKML

Data Flow based Analysis with explicit semantics Results analysis data data Semantic Web One can even include the reverse linkages, so that the final result is connected to the earlier results, enchancing the documentation of the results way beyond what is seen in a paper or presentation. This has the potential to greatly improve the reproducibility of the analysis, since anyone that the is really interested can ultimately see all the steps. Also, the analysis can easily be rerun, if, for example, the data is extended in time or otherwise modified. Data Data analysis

Data Page IRI General Data Tools While that is all there, that is not what the user sees (bad advertising for us, b ut life is easier for the user). This is a page representing a dataset, in this case weekly sst, ssta and error fields. It has links some analyses (as well as the full language interface – expert mode). It has some basic informatnion – note the last_modified and expiries times – as well as links to pages of virtual files in various commonly used formats (with coachs for commonly used programs).

Calculations: svd IRI General Data Tools (link: svdview)‏ (link: svd results dataset)‏ (link: svd documentation)‏

Calculations: Cluster Analysis IRI General Data Tools Calculations: Cluster Analysis (link: cluster view)‏ (link: cluster results dataset)‏ (link: k-means fn)‏

WMS and KML: land cover and precipitation IRI General Data Tools WMS and KML: land cover and precipitation (link:figure page)‏

Cell phone technology (e.g. iphone and Android) Technology available – but what about the underlying data? WHO- OpenHealth NASA-SERVIR (Africa) Google Earth Cell phone technology (e.g. iphone and Android)

IFRC Maproom

Combined Data Models in Maproom