Plantation owners lost slave labor worth $3 billion. R E C O N S T R U C T I O N Human toll of the Civil War: The North lost 364,000 soldiers. The South lost 260,000 soldiers. Between 1865 and 1877, the federal government carried out a program to repair the damage to the South and restore the southern states to the Union. This program was known as Reconstruction. Freedmen (freed slaves) were starting out their new lives in a poor region with slow economic activity. Plantation owners lost slave labor worth $3 billion. Poor white Southerners could not find work because of new job competition from Freedmen. The war had destroyed two thirds of the South’s shipping industry and about 9,000 miles of railroad.

Three Major Issues/Problems that the Federal Government Must Address R E C O N S T R U C T I O N Three Major Issues/Problems that the Federal Government Must Address Southern Leadership – Those that Rebelled Re-admission of Southern States Freedmen EQ: What steps should the federal Government take to ensure a fair and stable re-building of the Union?

South after war 1

John Picture background info PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON Remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War. Lincoln chose him as his VP to help with the South’s Reconstruction. Supported Lincoln’s Plan = Promise not Punishment Engaged in a power struggle with Congress over who would lead the country through Reconstruction. John Picture background info

PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION Lincoln/Johnson’s plan to readmit the South was considered too gentle. Amnesty: Presidential pardon Rebels sign an oath of allegiance 10% of the population Even high ranking Confederate officials Write new state Constitutions approve the 13th Amendment reject secession and state’s rights submit to U.S. Government authority No mention of Education for freedmen Citizenship and voting rights Presidential Reconstruction

pardon

Amnesty : Presidential pardon Write new state Constitutions Plans compared CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION Reconstruction Act of 1867--76 (Harsh) Amnesty : Presidential pardon oath of allegiance---50% high ranking Confederate officials loose voting rights if you don’t sign oath Write new state Constitutions Ratify: 13, 14 & 15 Amendments reject secession and state’s rights submit to U.S. Government authority Help for Freedmen Freedmen’s Bureau for education Divide the South into 5 military districts until the above provisions were met.

RADICAL REPUBLICANS Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Wanted to the see the South punished for the Civil War. Advocated political, social and economic equality for the Freedmen. Would go after President Johnson through the impeachment process after he vetoes the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Radical Republicans

Thaddeus Stevens, in Congress, 1866 Thaddeus Steven, in Congress, 1867 RADICAL REPUBLICANS Thaddeus Stevens, in Congress, 1866 “Strip a proud nobility of their bloated estates, send them forth to labor and you will thus humble the proud traitors.” Thaddeus Steven, in Congress, 1867 “I am for Negro suffrage in every rebel state. If it be just, it should not be denied: if it be necessary, it should be adopted: if it be a punishment of traitors, they deserve it.” Quotes of Radicals

President Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 first United States federal law to define US citizenship and affirmed that all citizens were equally protected by the law. It was mainly intended to protect the civil rights of African-Americans Congress believed Johnson was working against Reconstruction and overrode his veto assuming full power over Reconstruction. An inflexible President, 1866: Republican cartoon shows Johnson knocking over Blacks of the Freedmen’s Bureau by his veto. Johnson’s Veto

JOHNSON'S IMPEACHMENT Brought up on 11 charges of high crimes and misdemeanors. Tenure in Office Act: Law Congress passed. President can’t fire any of his cabinet members without consulting Congress. fired Edwin Stanton Missed being removed from office by 1 vote With Congress and the President not getting along…Congress brought Johnson up on charges for impeachment