Geographic Scales Global, regional, country, city scales 2. Regional Inequalities of Development Examples of Africa and Europe:

Map 4: Regional HDI African Continent How can you explain these regional differences in Africa?

Map 5: Discrepancies in HDI Ranking in Europe Describe the regional discrepancies in Europe

3. On a Country/City Scale: Case of the North United States – Wealth Distribution video TED

Map 6: Number of High Income Households for Each County in the US 2007-2011 Where is wealth concentrated geographically in the U.S.?

Case of the South: Map 6: Annual per Capital Income by Province in China (blue above the mean (= average), orange below the mean How would you characterize the distribution of wealth in China? Contrast between development in China on the coast and inland, concentration of wealth in urban areas (Beijing and Shanghai) BUT map does not show the concentration of poorest population in slums or insolubrious conditions in cities

III. Changing needs for 9 B people in 2050 A. World population growth increases development disparities 1. Demographic growth at different paces Demographic transition spread throughout southern countries from 1900 to 1950 ceased in the first half of the 20th century in industrialized countries

Consequences: Today part of subsaharan Africa and the Middle East are still in the stage of demographic explosion In India and China, demographic transition is coming to an end but it has caused an effect of inertia. Even if fertility rates have decreased, the generation at an age to procreate remains numerous

A comparison of the % change in projected population 2004-2050

Annual natural growth rates for LEDCs and MEDCs Country Birth rate Death rate Infant Mortality rate Annual natural growth rate (%) United Kingdom 11.3 10.2 5.2 0.11 France 12.8 9 4.2 0.38 Italy 9.4 9.8 4.5 -0.04 Hungary 9.5 13.1 7.2 -0.36 United States 13.9 8.5 7 0.54 Argentina 19 8 17 1.1 Egypt 27 6 44 2.1 Botswana 28 25 60 0.3 Pakistan 37 10 91 2.7 India 66 1.7 Which countries have the highest rate? The lowest rate? Why?

2. Increased Needs: Vital necessities (food, water, energy and medical care) Lack of resources for the largest number

3. Bigger Gaps: Between northern and southern countries Between southern countries who have completed their demographic transition and those who are still undergoing demographic transition

Population pyramid graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing. It is also used to determine the overall age distribution of a population; population plotted on the X-axis and age on the Y-axis, one showing the number of males and one showing females in a particular population in five-year age groups

Population Pyramids and Demographic Transition High stationary Early expanding Late expanding Low stationary/ decling Stage 1: balance between birth rate and death rate, very slow increase of the population Stage 2: decline in the death rate while the birth rate remains high. Causes: improvement in food supplies and public health Stage 3: decline in the birth rate, Causes: birth control, children become an added expense for the family Stage 4: birth rate and death rate at the same level: stability of the population. Video: Demographic Transition and Population Pyramids

Population Pyramid India In what stage of demographic transition is India? Stage 2: expanding

Population Pyramid Japan 2009 In what stage of demographic transition is Japan? Stage 4: contracting

Annual natural growth rates for LEDCs and MEDCs Country Birth rate Death rate Infant Mortality rate Annual natural growth rate (%) Demographic Transition Stage United Kingdom 11.3 10.2 5.2 0.11 France 12.8 9 4.2 0.38 Italy 9.4 9.8 4.5 -0.04 Hungary 9.5 13.1 7.2 -0.36 United States 13.9 8.5 7 0.54 Argentina 19 8 17 1.1 Egypt 27 6 44 2.1 Botswana 28 25 60 0.3 Pakistan 37 10 91 2.7 India 66 1.7 At which stage of the demographic transition are these countries?

Urbanization Between towns and countryside: in 2010, more than 50% urban dwellers on earth (should go to 70% in 2050); population will be concentrated in cities

If urbanization is stabilized in the North, it is exploding in the south Causes? Massive rural flight and natural growth rates in cities Giant agglomerations are multiplying in emerging countries. In Asia, the urban population is rising at the rate of 1 million inhabitants per week.

Homework for Nov. 2nd & 4th DST Population distribution and growth Urban Growth: BBC website worksheet Reading Mastering Modern World History by Norman Lowe (see blog) Part VI Global Problems The changing world economy since 1900, pp. 583-602 The World’s Population, pp. 604-614