29 Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

Figure 29.1 In late May 1919, large numbers of veiled women joined the mass protests in Cairo and other Egyptian cities and towns that were sparked by the harsh wartime conditions that British demands had exacerbated and by the colonizers' refusal to give Egyptian leaders a hearing at the peace conference in Paris. Figure 29.1 In late May 1919, large numbers of veiled women joined the mass protests in Cairo and other Egyptian cities and towns that were sparked by the harsh wartime conditions that British demands had exacerbated and by the colonizers' refusal to give Egyptian leaders a hearing at the peace conference in Paris.

Chapter Overview The Coming of the Great War A World at War Failed Peace and Global Turmoil The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order

TIMELINE 1870 C.E. and 1920 C.E. TIMELINE 1870 C.E. and 1920 C.E.

Map 29.1 World War I Fronts in Europe and the Middle East In contrast to the large swaths of territory caught up in the war on the eastern front, the area contested and the battle lines in the west were confined largely to a corner of Belgium and northernmost France. Map 29.1 World War I Fronts in Europe and the Middle East In contrast to the large swaths of territory caught up in the war on the eastern front, the area contested and the battle lines in the west were confined largely to a corner of Belgium and northernmost France.

The Coming of the Great War The Long March to War Triple Entente Russia, France, Britain v. Germany Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Italy joins Entente, 1915

Figure 29.2 This U.S. poster drumming up financial support for the war effort epitomizes the paranoia and extreme stereotyping of adversary peoples and powers that poisoned international relations in the decades leading up to the war and drove the continuing slaughter on all fronts from 1914 to 1918. Figure 29.2 This U.S. poster drumming up financial support for the war effort epitomizes the paranoia and extreme stereotyping of adversary peoples and powers that poisoned international relations in the decades leading up to the war and drove the continuing slaughter on all fronts from 1914 to 1918.

The Coming of the Great War The Outbreak of the War Gavriel Princip Assassinates Austrian archduke, 1914, in Sarajevo Austria-Hungary, Germany Attack Serbia Russia mobilizes Germany declares war on Russia, France Germany invades Belgium Britain declares war

A World at War Quick war expected The War in Europe Stalemate on Western Front Trench warfare Massive losses

A World at War The War in Eastern Europe and Italy Russians Italians Offensives against Germany Tsar Nicholas II Italians War with Austrians stalemated

Visualizing the Past Trench Warfare

A World at War The Home Fronts in Europe Little sympathy at home Growth in governments Propaganda Suppression of criticism Labor groups dissatisfied Weakens Germany Russia falls Women in work force

Figure 29.3 As this British recruiting poster illustrates, the drastic shortage of farm and factory workers caused by the insatiable military manpower needs of World War I generals provided abundant, but often dangerous, job opportunities for women. Figure 29.3 As this British recruiting poster illustrates, the drastic shortage of farm and factory workers caused by the insatiable military manpower needs of World War I generals provided abundant, but often dangerous, job opportunities for women.

A World at War The War Beyond Europe British block supplies to Central Powers Uses imperial resources, manpower Indians deployed in many areas Gallipoli, 1915 French Use African troops Japan Fights Germans in China, the Pacific

Map 29.2 Africa During World War I Not only was Africa the site of significant combat in World War I, but from Algeria in the north to the Union of South Africa it was a recruiting ground for tens of thousands of Arab-Berber and African soldiers and bearers and other laborers. Map 29.2 Africa During World War I Not only was Africa the site of significant combat in World War I, but from Algeria in the north to the Union of South Africa it was a recruiting ground for tens of thousands of Arab-Berber and African soldiers and bearers and other laborers.

A World at War The War Beyond Europe Ottomans United States Side with Germany Armenian genocide United States Begins neutral German submarines attack American shipping 1917, enter war

A World at War Endgame: The Return of Offensive Warfare Eastern Front German drive toward Paris Germany forced into armistice Adolf Hitler Staggering casualties

Table 33.1 World War I Losses

Failed Peace and Global Turmoil David Lloyd George Georges Clemenceau Woodrow Wilson Self-determinism

Figure 29.4 At the Paris peace conference of 1919, the Arabs sought a new voice. The Arab representatives included Prince Feisal, later king of Iraq, and an Iraqi general. A British delegation member, T. E. Lawrence (third from the right), was a longtime friend of the Arabs. The Arabs did not win national self-determination for their homelands, as the British had promised during the war. Figure 29.4 At the Paris peace conference of 1919, the Arabs sought a new voice. The Arab representatives included Prince Feisal, later king of Iraq, and an Iraqi general. A British delegation member, T. E. Lawrence (third from the right), was a longtime friend of the Arabs. The Arabs did not win national self-determination for their homelands, as the British had promised during the war.

Failed Peace and Global Turmoil Peace of Paris German war guilt Reparations Austria-Hungary Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia Poland independent League of Nations

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order Campaigns in Africa, Middle East Britain draws on colonial resources Indian production stepped up Asians, Africans work, serve Colonies Indigenous personnel given more opportunity

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj India, Burma, Indonesia, the Philippines Nationalist movements Worldwide patterns Leadership of Western-educated elite Charismatic leaders Nonviolence

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj India Indian National Congress party, 1885 Initially loyal to British Spurred by racism Builds Indian identity

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order Social Foundations of a Mass Movement Critique of British rule Economic privilege for British Indian army used for British interests High-paid British officials Cash crops push out food production

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order The Rise of Militant Nationalism Hindu/Muslim split B.G. Tilak Nationalism above religious concerns Boycotts of British goods Bombay regions Imprisoned

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order The Rise of Militant Nationalism Hindu communalists Violent means Terrorism in Bengal Morley-Minto reforms, 1909 More opportunity for Indians

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle Loyal to British at start of war But war casualties and costs mount Inflation, famine Promises broken Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 1919 Greater Indian participation in government

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle Rowlatt Act, 1919 Civil rights restricted Gandhi protests Mohandas Ghandi Nonviolence Satyagraha, or truth force

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East Egyptian nationalism Ahmad Orabi Rising, 1882 Lord Cromer Reforms Benefit upper classes Journalists predominate

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East Effendi 1890s Political parties form Harsh repression Dinshawai Incident, 1906 Focuses Egyptian nationalism British grant constitution, 1913

Map 29.3 The Middle East after World War I Despite promises to the Arab peoples who supported them in the war to let them decide their own postwar political fate, the victorious British and French allies divided much of the Middle East into what in effect were new colonial enclaves. Map 29.3 The Middle East after World War I Despite promises to the Arab peoples who supported them in the war to let them decide their own postwar political fate, the victorious British and French allies divided much of the Middle East into what in effect were new colonial enclaves.

Figure 29.5 This photograph, probably taken without the knowledge of the British authorities, shows the construction of the gallows that were used to hang the four peasants who were executed in reprisal for the attacks on British soldiers at Dinshawai in 1906. The Dinshawai incident exemplified the colonizers' tendency to overreact to any sign of overt resistance on the part of the colonized. Figure 29.5 This photograph, probably taken without the knowledge of the British authorities, shows the construction of the gallows that were used to hang the four peasants who were executed in reprisal for the attacks on British soldiers at Dinshawai in 1906. The Dinshawai incident exemplified the colonizers' tendency to overreact to any sign of overt resistance on the part of the colonized.

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk, father of the Turks) Independence by 1923 Reforms Westernizing

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East France, Britain Promises to former Ottoman subjects Renege Hussein Occupy former Turkish lands: mandates

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East Arabs and Jews given conflicting assurances Balfour Declaration Zionism Leon Pinsker

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East Zionism World Zionist Organization Theodore Herzl Alfred Dreyfus

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order Revolt in Egypt, 1919 Egypt a British protectorate, 1914 Martial law to protect Suez Canal War drains Egyptian resources Egyptians refused to present at Versailles

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order Revolt in Egypt, 1919 Wafd Party Sa'd Zaghlul British agree to independence From 1922 To withdrawal from Canal zone, 1936

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order Revolt in Egypt, 1919 Early regimes Little progress 1952, Gamal Abdul Nasser

Women in Asian and African Nationalist Movements Emergence of educated women Missionary girls' schools Become politically active Out of seclusion; supporting roles Tagore's The Home and the World African nationalism Appeal for suffrage Campaigns for female rights More opportunities for women

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa General loyalty War Drains resources Western-educated Africans gain authority Pan-African movement Marcus Garvey W.E.B. Du Bois

Figure 29.6 Soldiers, like those captured in this photograph, were extensively recruited by the French in their colonies in North and West Africa, and to a lesser extent, Vietnam to bolster their defenses on the Western Front in France and battle the Germans in colonized Africa. Figure 29.6 Soldiers, like those captured in this photograph, were extensively recruited by the French in their colonies in North and West Africa, and to a lesser extent, Vietnam to bolster their defenses on the Western Front in France and battle the Germans in colonized Africa.

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa Paris Négritude Sédar Senghor Aimé Césaire Léon Damas