EU-Turkey relations (1995- present) 1997 Luxembourg European Council recognizes Turkey’s eligibility but does not grant candidate status. 1999 Helsinki European Council: Turkey granted candidate status. 2000 Commission prepares Accession Partnership document 2001 Turkey submits National Program for the Adoption of the EU acquis 2002 Copenhagen European Council: Turkey’s candidacy will be reviewed in 2004, accession negotiations will start ‘without delay’ if the political aspects of Copenhagen criteria have been fulfilled. 2003 Commission adopts revised Accession Partnership Document 2003 Turkey revises its National Program 2004 Commission recommends the opening of accession negotiations with Turkey

EU-Turkey Relations (1995 to present) 2004 European Council decides to start accession negotiations with Turkey on 3 October 2005 provided that Turkey signs an Additional Protocol, extending the Customs Union agreement to ten new states, including Cyprus 29 June 2005 Commission releases Negotiating Framework for Turkey’s accession 29 July 2005 Turkey signs Additional Protocol, simultaneously issuing a declaration that it does not amount to recognition of Cyprus 3 October 2005 negotiations are formally opened. 20 October 2005- 13 October 2006 screening process. 12 June 2006 negotiations on Research and Development (temporarily) closed. 29 November 2006 Commission recommends to partially suspend membership negotiations with Turkey 11 December 2006 General Affairs Council suspends talks with Turkey on 8 of 35 negotiating chapters. Negotiations begin on Industrial and Enterprise policy, Economic and Monetary Policy, Statistics, and Financial Control.

EU Decision-making European Council –Intergovernmental Conference Decides on common positions by unanimity Role of Presidency European Commission Progress Reports Prepares draft common positions European Parliament Assent to Accession treaty Reports Ratification Parliamentary approval or referenda

European Parliament views

European Parliament views

Why Enlarge? Club perspective Community perspective If benefits exceed the costs Community perspective If enlargement validates identity and values of community Moral considerations Justifications that rely on universal standards of justice

Lessons from CEE Enlargement Resistance by some member states Critical external events, conjectural changes Group-based approach

Alternatives to Membership Differentiation and flexibility within the EU Opt-outs and opt-ins Neighborhood Policy No joint decision-making rights Privileged Partnership Customs Union and CFSP/ESDP Observor status Gradual integration Long, possibly permanent transition periods Joint decision-making in relevant Councils, observor status in Commission and Parliament Legal obstacles Discriminatory –only for Turkey?