The Reformation
The Reformation What made Protestants different from Catholics? What were some of the differences among Protestants?
Launching the Reformation The Late Medieval Church Reputation for Corruption “Worldly” popes and clergy “Ignorance”
Launching the Reformation Salvation and Authority* Salvation something to “achieve” through “good works” Authority Sacred Scripture Tradition of the Church Popes and councils
Launching the Reformation Indulgences Began as monetary gifts Became means of relaxing penance “Treasury of Merits” Indulgence preaching
Launching the Reformation Martin Luther (1483-1546) Saxon law student “Lightning storm” Augustinian Order (1505) Tortured soul To Wittenberg Doctorate (1512) Professor Studied New Testament
Launching the Reformation Luther’s New Beliefs God is righteous, but gracious Humanity does not deserve grace, but is “given” it “The righteous man shall live by faith” (Romans 1:17)
Launching the Reformation The Indulgence Controversy Indulgence sales in HRE Penned NINETY-FIVE THESES Theses circulated far and wide
Launching the Reformation Luther the Rebel Papal bull drafted threatening excommunication (1520) Luther’s revolutionary ideas SOLA SCRIPTURA SOLA FIDE “PRIESTHOOD OF ALL BELIEVERS” Two sacraments
Launching the Reformation The Diet of Worms (April 17-18, 1521) Church and emperor wanted resolution! Refused to recant: “Unless I am convinced by Scripture…” Luther declared an outlaw (May 26, 1521)
Launching the Reformation
Launching the Reformation
Launching the Reformation
Launching the Reformation Questions?
The Reformation Elsewhere John Calvin (1509-1564) Reformer of Geneva Institutes of the Christian Religion (1559) Major Teachings Majesty of God Depravity of humanity Predestination
The Reformation Elsewhere Geneva under Calvin Had to work with city government Service of preaching, prayer, singing Discipline strictly enforced Relief provided to poor
The Reformation Elsewhere The Anabaptists Radical beliefs BELIEVER’S BAPTISM Hands off for state! Pacifism Outside mainstream of church and society Perceived as threat persecuted
The Reformation Elsewhere
The Reformation Elsewhere
The Reformation Elsewhere Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) Renaissance prince, loyal Catholic Married Catherine of Aragon one surviving (female) child! The King’s “Great Matter” Henry wanted a divorce (1527) Pope would not grant it Met Anne Boleyn
The Reformation Elsewhere Henry’s Legal Reformation (1533-34) English ties to Rome severed Henry divorced and remarried ACT OF SUPREMACY
The Reformation Elsewhere Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) Succeeded to English throne after Edward VI, Mary I Sympathetic to Protestantism Religious question must be resolved! Best method: compromise
The Reformation Elsewhere The Elizabethan Religious Settlement New Act of Supremacy (1559) Centrist Protestant church Protestant doctrine Traditional in celebration, organization Book of Common Prayer
The Reformation Elsewhere Questions?
Early Modern Catholicism The Response of the Roman Church Protestant Reformation major loss Church determined to reform itself Church had to respond to “heretics”
Early Modern Catholicism The Society of Jesus (1540) Founder: Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Offered services to papacy Obedience! Very important missionaries, educators Francis Xavier among Indians
Early Modern Catholicism
Early Modern Catholicism Papal Leadership in Reform Some holy popes! Created Roman Inquisition (1542) INDEX OF PROHIBITED BOOKS (1559) Pius V (r. 1566-1572) venerating a crucifix
Early Modern Catholicism Council of Trent (1545-1563) Reform decrees issued Doctrine SCRIPTURE AND TRADITION Seven sacraments Justification BY FAITH AND WORKS Bishops expected to implement in dioceses
Early Modern Catholicism St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City Consecrated 1626 Bernini, St. Peter’s Square (1656-1667)
Early Modern Catholicism Questions?
The Reformation What made Protestants different from Catholics? What were some of the differences among Protestants?