Crusades—Christians vs. Muslims for Control of Holy Lands Middle Ages Crusades—Christians vs. Muslims for Control of Holy Lands

Crusades Map

Crusades In 1095, Muslim Turks invaded lands held by Christians of the Byzantine Empire: Jerusalem & all of Asia Minor Pope Urban II asked all Christians to join a Crusade (military expedition) & fight the Muslims to take back these holy lands

The Christian Crusades

Motivations for the Crusades Pope’s Goals—wanted to unite Roman Catholic (western Europe) & Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine Empire); show the supremacy of the Pope; & regain holy lands from Muslims Crusaders’ Goals—pope offered forgiveness for sins & access to Heaven; gain riches; support Church Merchants’ Goals—gain control of trade routes & dominate trade

Motivations for Crusades Crusades became a religious, economic, & political conflict Religious—defeat Muslims & retake holy lands, spread Christianity Economic—gain trade routes Political—unite Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox Christianity, prove Pope’s power

CHRISTIANS MUSLIMS Play Crusades Video (5.37)

Fighting the Crusades Between 50,000-60,000 knights became Crusaders to defeat Muslims; came from present-day France, Italy, Germany, England, Scotland, Spain First Crusade—was only successful Crusade; claimed 400 miles of land from Edessa to Jerusalem in 1099; created 4 feudal states (Edessa, Acre, Triploi, Jerusalem), each ruled by a French noble

Path of the Crusades

Fighting the Crusades After the First Crusade, Muslims took back Jerusalem & Edessa, which led to more Crusades that the Muslims won Fourth Crusade—crusaders never fought Muslims but fought Byzantines; looted & burned Constantinople; these actions forever divided Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox Christianity

Effects of the Crusades Before the Crusades: Everyone lived on a manor Everything that was needed was made on the manor Nothing was purchased from the outside except resources like salt & iron through fairs So, now that the Crusaders have seen new places, how is this going to change Europe?

Effects of the Crusades Cultural Diffusion—new products & ideas spread to Europe: Foods—sugar, spices, herbs Luxury Goods—ivory, pearls, silk, linen, cotton, glass mirrors Navigation—shipbuilding ideas, accurate maps, astrolabe, compass Math—Arabic numbers, algebra Science—ideas in physics, astronomy; telescope

Mapping Activity Locate on map: Constantinople, Edessa, Tripoli, Acre, Jerusalem, Venice, Rome, Islamic Empire, Byzantine Empire, Paris, Holy Roman Empire, Trace the First Crusade