Ministry of Water and Irrigation Water sector Strategic Planning Eng. Ali Subah Arab Water Week March, 2017

Introduction The ministry perceives water as a key element to social, political and economical development and national security through maintaining the adequate levels of water supply for citizens and other uses , in addition to the enhancement of the sanitation services despite the increasing demand for water and sanitation services The ministry is adopting new policies and enhancing procedures to increase efficiency and preserve fresh water through the recycling and the reuse of the available water, the optimal use of resources by reducing the technical and administrative water loss, increasing the energy efficiency used to treat and distribute water and introducing the renewable energy. The ministry perceives that management, protection and sustainable use of national water resources is a shared responsibility between citizens, government, the parliament and the civil community to continue in the right path for developing the sector in a sustainable manner.

Introduction Jordan remains committed to the global framework for sustainable development taking into account the sensitivity of water scarcity, climate change and the geopolitical situation of the region, therefore, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation adopts an integrated approach to manage available water resources and to find long-term solutions to water problems by implementing major strategic projects. The major challenge lies in how to provide the kingdom with drinkable water that copes with population growth and the economic activity over the coming years which is no longer available through our traditional water resources, therefore regional projects are a must (i.e., Red Sea-Dead Sea Canal Project or utilizing local deep aquifers) taking into consideration the tremendous financial costs of these projects which reflect on the production cost of each cubic meter.

Long term rainfall rates Available Water Resources Long term rainfall rates in Jordan (1937-2015) Jordan Valley - 300 mm/yr (5.7%) Highlands 400 - 600 mm/yr (2.9%) Badia areas 50 -200 mm/yr (91.4%) Rainfall Wet years (11000 MCM) Dry years (5800 MCM) Annual rate (8200 MCM) Only 8% is utilized as surface and ground water

Treated wastewater (137 MCM) Available Water Resources Surface Water Basins 15 basins (505 MCM) Treated wastewater (137 MCM) Ground Water Basins 12 basins with safe yield of 275 MCM

Available Water Resources Storage capacity of major dams located in rainfall areas in 2015 = 327 MCM Northern Dams Eight dams Capacity 270 MCM King Talal Dam Construction data: 1977 Expansion: 1987 Storage capacity: 75 MCM Construction Cost: 34 million JD Dam Type: Earth fill Dam Al Karamah Dam Construction data: 1997 Storage capacity: 55 MCM Construction Cost: 55 million JD Shueib Dam Construction data: 1969 Storage capacity: 1.4 MCM Construction Cost: 0.3 million JD Al Kafrein Dam Construction data: 1967 Expansion date: 1997 Storage capacity: 8.4 MCM Construction Cost: 9.3 million JD Al Hisban Dam Construction data: 2017 Storage capacity: 0.7 MCM Construction Cost: 1.5 million JD Wadi Arab Dam Construction data: 1986 Storage capacity: 16.9 MCM Construction Cost: 20 million JD Zeglab Dam Construction data: 1976 Storage capacity: 3.9 MCM Construction Cost: 0.9 million JD Al Wahdah Dam Construction data: 2003 Storage capacity: 110 MCM Construction Cost: 65 million JD Dam Type: Roller compacted concrete Southern Dams Five Dams Capacity 57 MCM Desert dams, ponds and excavations Capacity 83 MCM Wala Dam Construction data: 2002 Storage capacity:9.3 MCM Construction Cost: 23 million JD Dam Type: Roller compacted concrete with earth fill abutments Mujib Dam Storage capacity: 35 MCM Construction Cost: 46.7 million JD Dam Type: Roller compacted concrete with earth fill abutments Tannur Dam Construction data: 2001 Storage capacity: 16.8 MCM Construction Cost: 23.3 million JD Dam Type: Roller Compacted Concrete Dam Water Harvesting Around 51 desert dam 47 excavations and 72 ponds Constructed in the desert with total storage of 31 MCM Fidan Dam -Planned Storage capacity: 10.16 MCM Construction Cost: 7.45 million JD

Water Resources – Shared Resources Shared water basins with neighboring countries are politically and technically regulated under agreements, where 40 percent of Jordan's water resources is shared water * * Groundwater Basin Safe yield Disi

Water resources – Water Uses (2015) in MCM Sector Surface water Renewable ground water Non Renewable ground water Treated Waste Water Total Percentage Agriculture (government + private) 139.0 211.6 25.8 130.8 507.2 50.3 Drinking (government + private) 124.0 209.0 123.5 0.0 456.5 45.3 Industrial 4.0 30.0 1.7 2.2 37.9 3.70 Rural 7.0 0.2 7.2 0.71 274.0 450.8 151.0 133.0 1008.8   24.8 46.8 15.2 13.2 100

Water Resources – Springs Discharge

Water Resources Water Level at the Corridor well No. 11 Water level at the eastern part of Yarmouk basin Well No. AD1149

Challenges – Increasing Gap Between Supply and Demand Declining of the limited renewable water resources. The over abstraction of the strategic water storage and its impact on the quality and the quantity of the available water and Jordan is not receiving its share of shared water. Unexpected demand growth due to the following reasons: Population growth and the economic development Syrian influx (1.4 million) Unstable regional situation Climate change (spatial and temporal rainfall distribution) Low annual per capita share of the water available for all uses to less than 10% of the global water poverty line.

Challenges – Increasing Gap Between Supply and Demand Year 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Groundwater Safe yield 275 Non-renewable groundwater 144 145 147 178 189 174 240 241 242 243 Groundwater Over Abstraction 160 156 148 140 136 131 127 122 118 Surface water (Local + Tiberius Lake) 274 276 278 280 283 286 290 293 306 311 329 Treated wastewater 151 155 177 182 188 191 196 202 208 235 Additional Resources (Desalination + SWAP) 10 11 18 19 20 85 86 87 88 233 Total Resources 1010 1014 1020 1045 1081 1098 1151 1221 1238 1246 1433 Sustainable Resources 832 836 886 920 942 1030 1106 1125 1131 1341 Municipal, Industrial, Tourist demands 701 703 717 723 730 737 746 755 766 778 Irrigation demand 700 Oil shale and Nuclear power demand   25 48 70 Total demand without irrigations 742 748 785 793 803 848 Total Demand 1401 1403 1412 1442 1448 1455 1485 1493 1503 1536 1548 Deficit in MCM/a (with over abstraction) 391 389 392 397 367 357 334 272 265 115

Challenges – Negative Impact of Water Deficit • Social and Economic impacts: the inability to achieve the desired development rates from the development plans set by the government which will reflect negatively on the social and economic growth in the Kingdom. • Impact on Investments: the sector inability to provide sufficient water quantity to meet the economic needs will lead to a decline in industrial, commercial, agricultural and tourism investments which will reflect negatively on the extensive efforts taken on the highest levels to attract these investments. • These negative impacts limit the government ability to achieve the national goals of Jordan Vision 2025 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the implementation of the aspirations, strategies and the plans set by all development sectors. Without the implementation of the strategic projects for water sector, the national development plans will be an unachievable vision which will reflect negatively on the social and economic security.

Challenges – Meeting water demand of different Sectors • Population Growth • The inability to meet the growing needs • Syrian Refugees crisis • Unstable regional situation • Drought and climate change (a decline in springs discharge by 50% and decrease in wells productivity) • Lack of sufficient capital funds to implement the required projects • Increase in needed investments To handle this reality, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation prepares a contingency plan in February of every year that includes administrative, financial and technical procedures as well as scenarios to manage any developments in the water situation. The plan is approved and implemented within the available financial means.

Challenges – Syrian Refugees Influx impact on the Water Sector   Before Syrians Refugees After Syrians Refugees Water use for All purposes 899 MCM 1000 MCM Domestic Water Use 352 MCM 450 MCM Per capita share for all uses 147 m3/capita/year Less than 90 m3/capita/year Per Capita Share for domestic use 158 l/capita/year 126 l/capita/year Domestic water demand in North Governorates 56 MCM 76 MCM Non-Revenue Water 41% 52% Percentage of Operational Cost Coverage 108% 80%

Challenges – Climate Change Impact on Water Sector Climate change is considered one of the most important current and future challenges of the water sector. The effects of climate change on the water sector in Jordan: A rise in average temperatures and an increase in the intensity of heat waves, leading to increase in evaporation, which would lead to an increase in demand for water in the agricultural sector by about 18%.  Decrease in rainfall, leading to a lack of recharge for surface and groundwater resources. Increase variations and fluctuations in rainfall in temporal and spatial patterns that led to severe droughts and intensive floods . Accordingly, the Ministry has developed the “ Climate Change policy for A Resilient Water Sector”, the policy action plan is under preparation.

Challenges – Climate Change Impact on Water Sector Climate Change Impact on the Middle East (2031-2060) Decrease annual rainfall rate by15%. Increase evaporation rate by 3% Decrease the available water resources by 29% Increase the agricultural water demand by 18% to maintain the existing crops

Challenges-Financial Status Deficiency on financial resources and accumulation of deficits and debt: High capital cost of new water projects, and the inability to secure funding for investment in the water sector projects Low tariff for drinking water Low tariff for irrigation water compared with its high cost High cost of electric power Low operational efficiency of water systems (80% for drinking water and 85% for irrigation). Decrease in cost recovery index and increase in government support rate.

Financial Status-Analysis of water Cost and WAJ subsidy Item 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 cost of sold cubic meter from total expenses 1.15 1.29 1.71 1.78 1.88 2.06 Cost of sold m3/water 0.83 0.93 1.23 1.28 1.36 1.48 Cost of m3/wastewater 0.32 0.36 0.48 0.50 0.53 0.58 Cost of sold m3 from Operational cost 0.68 0.78 1.03 1.52 1.38 Revenue per m3 of sold water 0.75 0.85 0.98 1.01 1.06 1.10 Subsidy from WAJ 0.40 0.45 0.73 0.82 0.95 % coverage of operational costs 111% 109% 95% 87% 70% 80% % Coverage of total costs 65% 57% 56% 55%

Challenges-WAJ Debt WAJ Debt31/12/2015 2015 Internal Loan 1147 External Loan 262 Total 1409

National Water Strategy 2016-2025 and Related Policies

Water Sector Strategy and Policies The ministry is working on the development of policies and a clear strategy, in line with the vision of Jordan 2025 and the goals of sustainable development (SDGs). The policies and strategies were updated and approved by the Cabinet on February 2016 Water Strategy (2016) Policies (2016) Action Plans (2016) National Strategy Water (2016 - 2025) The National Strategy for Water preparation (2016 - 2025), taking into account the lessons learned from the Water Strategy in Jordan (2008 - 2022) and the water strategy in Jordan and policies in 1997 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Capital Investment Plan (2016-2025) Surface water utilization Executive Program (2016 -2018) Water Reallocation Water Sector Losses Reduction Plan(2013) Groundwater sustainability Water Sector Capacity building (2016) Management of Decentralized WWTP Jordan Response Plan (JRP) Climate Change policy for A Resilient Water Sector National Plan for operational and maintenance WWTP`s Water substitution Communication and Media Plan Water demand management

Water Sector Strategy and Policies Objectives and Risks Sectoral Objectives: Development of existing water resources and bring in new water resources. Provide water for domestic, agricultural, industrial and tourism quantities and at affordable prices Improve the level of sanitation services Interim goals: Development of existing water sources and the search for new water sources To increase the storage capacity of the dams Exploitation of treated water in a social, environmental and economic benefit activities is high Improve supply efficiency and distribution system of water for domestic, industrial, commercial and agricultural systems and subscribers systems Expansion of sanitation services Improve operation efficiency , water supply and improve energy efficiency in the water sector Most Important Risks and threats: Political conditions High cost to provide services and low external financing Lack of coordination between the concerned authorities and the strategic planning Syrian Refugees Crisis Climate change Groundwater over abstraction

Water Strategy and related Policies Water Sector KPI`s 2014 2018 2021 2025 Percentage of Operation and Maintenance Coverage 70% 96% 101% 105% Energy Used per M3 billed (KWh/M3/billed) 4.31 4.03 3.86 3.66 Percentage of Water service Coverage 94% 95% Percentage of Wastewater service coverage 63% 69% 74% 80% Water share Per capita (L/C/D) 61 71 86 105 Available water resources (M3/year) 832 886 1030 1341 Water share per capita for all uses (m3/year) 90 95 114 Dams Storage capacity 325 340 353 400 NRW 52% 45% 36% 30% Percentage of over abstraction 160% 153% 149% 140% Percentage of protected resources 35% 40% 50% 60%

Measures adopted by MWI to deal with the water situation MWI Plan (2016 – 2025) Cost (million JD) Program 2,567.9 Develop new water resources (RSDSP phase I and phase II, dams, deep-water)

Measures adopted by MWI to deal with the water situation MWI’s Plan (2016-2025) Cost (million JD) Program 740.5 Efficiency enhancement for water supply and distribution for domestic, industrial and commercial systems projects (transmissions between governorates, water networks rehabilitation, reduce water losses and rehabilitation of pumping stations)

Cost (million JD) Program Measures adopted by MWI to deal with the water situation MWI’s Plan (2016-2025) Cost (million JD) Program 137.1 Irrigation systems efficiency and restructuring of irrigation networks projects 1,406.2 Sewage networks program projects 496.4 Construction and upgrade Wastewater Treatment plants 60 Wadi araba integrated development master plan

Measures adopted by MWI to deal with the Water situation MWI’s Plan (2016-2025) Cost (million JD) Program 523 Jordan Response Plan for Syria Crisis (Water Sector 2016-2018) 300 Energy Efficiency Program and Renewable energy 50 Strengthening the sector institutions and good governance

Total (Capital Investment Program Projects ) Measures adopted by MWI to deal with the Water situation MWI’s Plan (2016-2025) Cost (million JD) Program 5,400 Total (Capital Investment Program Projects )

Legislation development and Implementation Legislation Amendments Measures adopted by MWI to deal with the water situation Legislation development and Implementation Legislation Amendments Law Enforcement Water resources Control Campaign (cases under prosecution for water violations currently 800) Use of advanced Technologies to detect violations (Remote Sensing) Media campaigns and cooperation of citizens Cooperation with Relevant Institutions Water Authority Law Jordan Valley Development Law MWI Administrative Organization Bylaw Ground Water Monitoring Bylaw

Measures adopted by MWI to deal with the water situation Campaign to tighten the control over the water resources 1/6/2013 to 31/12/2016 Well Type Number All Wells (Operating and Not Operating) 6,500 Operating wells for all uses 3,023 Operating wells (Unlicensed) 544 Unlicensed (Operating & Not Operating) 994 Operating private Wells 2,276 Water Quantities pumped from Unlicensed wells = 10% of Drinking Water (MCM) 25 - 30 Water Theft 75 Achievements Number Amending WAJ law and GW Monitoring bylaw and the Media campaign Violations Stopped 1/6/2013 – 1/8/2016 Violators Well Excavators confiscated 42 Backfilled wells 789 Water network violations 24,552 Issuance of 1,530 water bill notices valued at (7.9 Million JD), and 2.2 Million JD were collected

Action plan to Reduce Water Sector Losses The Ministry developed the Loss Reduction Plan which included WAJ and Water Companies in 2013 The plan covered two main parts: Reduction of cost and increasing revenues, in addition to improving cash flows and collections. The plan was approved by the Cabinet in 2013 The plan and its execution procedures were highly accepted and admired by the international financing institutions The plan and its indicators were mostly achieved The Ministry is currently updating the plan due to electrical tariff changes and the support from international donors and organizations to the Jordan Response Plan, and the increase in the Water Authority Debt and Debt Service The plan will be extended till 2021 The plan aims at maintaining the financial support at its absolute volume within its current volume till 2020

Action plan to Reduce Water Sector Losses Other Financial Measures Improving Invoicing and Collection systems, utilizing Performance Enhancement Principles Reducing receivables and dead debts Reduction of Water losses and illegal uses Increase the percentage of connection to the wastewater networks Introducing automation in operations Restructuring of Tariffs and subscription fees Setting a customized Tariff for economical activities ( Potash, Shale Oil, Nuclear Energy, Phosphate, …)

Water Sector Future Outlook Developing new water resources ( Introducing water desalination ( Red Dead Phase One (65-85 MCM) and Phase Two (150 MCM), Utilizing Deep Ground water Phase One (20 MCM) and Phase two (50 MCM)) Sustainability of water resources (reducing over abstraction and protecting ground water) Maintaining of Wells, and seizure of well digging violations and backfilling them Improving distribution and transmission networks, and reducing NRW Increase storage capacity through the establishment of new Dams, Ponds and desert dams; A number of large, medium and small dams will be developed to increase the water storage aiming at reaching a capacity of 400 MCM by 2025.

Water Sector Future Outlook Enhance the utilization of Shared waters through the follow up on agreements signed with neighboring countries (Saudi Arabia, Syria and Israel) Expansion in the reuse of Treated Wastewater in Agriculture, and provision of need water quantities for Industry and other economic activities Expand private sector participation and gradual transformation to working on commercial basis Introduce Renewable Energy as an energy source for water supply systems and improving Energy Efficiency in water Utilties. Improve wastewater Services Per capita share of billed water is expected to increase to 105 l/c/d in the year 2025 compared to 61 l/c/d in 2015

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