Unit IVC The Federal Bureaucracy The Institutions Unit IVC The Federal Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy A systematic and hierarchical organization in government established to develop and implement policies and regulations in relation to enacted legislation Principles Hierarchical Authority Pyramid structure Job Specialization Division of labor; specific duties and responsibilities for each individual position Rules and Regulations Established regulations and procedures for facilitation Discretionary authority Legislative – rule-making Executive – rule administration Judicial – rule adjudication

Development of the Federal Bureaucracy Early Constitutional Period Small number of agencies and positions Selection based on qualifications and political affiliation Antebellum Period Jackson and the spoils system Late 19th Century Civil Service Reform Pendleton Act/Civil Service Act of 1883 Merit system, competitive exams; limited partisan politics Established Civil Service Commission to enforce Modern Bureaucracy Agencies grew substantially due to New Deal programs, Great Society, Cold War, wars/conflicts Hatch Act (1939) Limited political activities on duty, use of position for campaigns Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 Established Office of Personnel Management (OPM) Established government employee classifications and salaries, training and recruitment programs Protection of whistleblowers

Growth of Modern Bureaucracy Power and Justification Regulation and de-regulation Agency capture Political appointments Evolving Government for Evolving World Technological development (communication, transportation) Globalization and world affairs Difficulty of Termination Numerous steps to ultimately fire a government employee Official record of chronic behavior, substantial evidence, public hearings, viable witnesses, right of due process, appeals Fewer than 1/10th of 1% of federal employees have been fired for incompetence The Plum Book

Federal Bureaucracy Organization Executive Departments Cabinet-level executive agencies established for specific policy areas Agency heads work at the pleasure of the President May be impeached/removed by Congress Independent Executive Agencies Administration, policy analysis, intelligence May report to Congress and other agencies Independent Regulatory Agencies Agencies that regulate and police; enforcers of legislation Function outside influence of the President Agency heads serve fixed terms and only removed for just cause Government Corporations Business-like agencies usually providing goods and services

The Executive Departments Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Office of the Surgeon General Medicare Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Federal Housing Administration (FHA) Transportation (DOT) Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Energy National Nuclear Security Administration Education Federal Student Aid Veterans’ Affairs (VA) Homeland Security United States Coast Guard Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) U.S. Customs and Border Protection United States Secret Service Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Transportation Security Administration (TSA) State Treasury United States Mint/Bureau of Engraving and Printing Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Defense (“The Pentagon”) National Security Agency (NSA) Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) Justice Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms and Explosives (ATF) Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) U.S. Marshals Service Office of the Solicitor General Interior National Park Service Bureau of Indian Affairs Agriculture (USDA) Commerce Bureau of the Census National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Independent Executive Agencies Small Business Administration (SBA) Promote small businesses and economic recovery Social Security Administration (SSA) Social security checks and applications National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Foreign policy information; espionage Office of Personnel Management (OPM) Selective Service System (SSS) National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) Peace Corps The Smithsonian Institution

Independent Regulatory Agencies Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Prevent monopolies; consumer protection Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Securities, stocks, bonds, commodity trading Federal Reserve Monetary policy National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Federal Elections Commission (FEC) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Maritime Commission (FMC)

Government Corporations Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) National Railroad Passenger Corporation (AMTRAK) United States Postal Service (USPS) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Corporation for Public Broadcasting Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) National Public Radio (NPR) Government Enterprises Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac)

Bureaucrats as Policymakers Iron Triangles Bureaucratic Agency Receive increased power and appropriations Congressional Committee Receive electoral support and campaign contributions Interest Groups Interests satisfied Designed for mutual benefit Issue Networks Congressional Staff Experts/Professors Mass Media Designed for the benefit of public interest

Controlling the Bureaucrats Congress Authorization Permitting funds by related committees Appropriations Reallocation of federal funding Oversight Supervision and investigations by committees Subpoena agencies for public committee hearings and testify under oath Legislative Authority Pass laws to limit or terminate an agency Sunset laws The President Appointments Change department/agency heads for a supportive or efficient leader Executive Orders President invokes preferences through legal means Office of Management and Budget Change agency budget; require increased supervision Reorganization Supreme Court Rule a policy/law/executive action unconstitutional The Media Watchdog Investigative journalism Freedom of Information Act The People Sunshine Laws Interest groups

Bureaucratic Issues/Problems Red Tape Complex rules and procedures to accomplish tasks “Make sure the government is being equal and just.” ‘Too much paperwork. Slows down process. Frustrating for constituents.’ Conflict Rivalries between agencies on similar policies ‘Sometimes the goal/objective is overlooked by competition.’ Duplication Agencies performing same or similar tasks “Congress doesn’t know what it’s doing, but they made the laws so we follow them.” Imperialism Increase of agency’s power and influence no matter the cost “We interpreted the vague law as best we could and developed our policies in accordance. Tell Congress to write clearer laws.” Waste Inefficient use of funding and manpower; spending too much “Why lower costs? We’re the government. There’s plenty.” ‘Lining the pockets of bureaucrats and lobbyists.’