The Industrial Revolution... The shift from an agrarian, hand-made, labor-intensive economy to a machine-made, labor-specialization economy. 1

Industrial Revolution in perspective: Transformation of every facet of society; Accelerated the pace of modernization Increased the size and importance of the middle class Created a new-”working” class Became a force for democracy Hastened the secularization of European life Changed the geography of global interaction Made possible the highest standard of living in human history 2

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> Abundance coal and iron ore; > Abundance coal and iron ore; > excess capitlal (coloial empire) > Political peace- representative govt; > debt was okto have; > Private property protection; > surplus population > effective Transportation system;

Charles “Turnip” Townshend – started an Agricultural Revolution 6

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Robert Bakewell, Selective Breeding 1710- 370 lbs 30 lbs 1800- 769 lbs 80 lbs 10

Thomas Coke 1837 The Norfolk System

“May Morning,” John Collet, 1760 England's population growth: 1700: 5 million 1780: 9 million 1850: 21 million “May Morning,” John Collet, 1760 12

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John Kay’s Flying Shuttle, 1733- doubled the speed of weaving thread, resulting in “the Yarn Famine” A mechanic from Lancashire used cords attached to a picking peg to operate the shuttle on a loom. The shuttle was flung side to side mechanically from spring-loaded boxes placed either side of the loom. This enabled one weaver, with one hand, to operate the shuttle. He other hand was free to operate the reed comb which separated the warps. In effect, it doubled the speed of weaving; It took four spinners to keep up with a cotton loom and ten spinners of wool to prepare yarn for a wool weaver. In 1853, hand weavers attacked and burned down his home, he fled to France; 16

Spinning Jenny, - 8 spools of thread from one wheel! 1764...James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny, - 8 spools of thread from one wheel! 18

Richard Awkright’s Water Frame, 1769 A system of rollers driven by water which spun firmer and finer thread on 100 spools Awkright is known as “the Father of the Factory System.” Awkright, trained as a barber, sold wigs, and became the father of the factory system. He adapted the spinning jenny by employing a water wheel to turn rollers that produced yarn of the correct thickness, while a set of spindles twisted the fibers to strengthen the final product. Thus the machine produced a stronger thread than anything available at the time. 19

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James Watt’s Steam Engine, 1781 21

Edmund Cartwright’s Power Loom, 1785 Adapted the spinning mule to steam power allowing 200 spools of thread to be spun automatically, with little human interaction Father of the modern weaving loom; 200 spools in rapid, automatic steam- driven machine. Women and children had to replace the spools as they filled up. 22

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One small boy could watch over 2 power looms whose output was 15x greater than a skilled handloom weaver 24

Luddites – displaced weavers rebelled in 1811- angry over their loss of jobs, they attacked and destroyed textile machines throughout England

Factory towns spread all over England: Manchester became the cotton capital of the world. 26

Technological advances in textiles Steam power The new iron age- steel In summary… Technological advances in textiles Steam power The new iron age- steel Transportation and communication Incorporation Urbanization The working class Relief and reform 27

Any Questions?

Robert Fulton’s Clermont, 1807 29

George Stephenson’s Rocket, 1825 30