Dictators

THE RESPONSE OF GOVERNMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES, GERMANY, AND THE SOVIET UNION TO GLOBAL DEPRESSION Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal – government spending would create jobs and start a recovery through public works projects Creation of government agencies that gave financial help to businesses and farms The creation of the welfare system and relief programs including Social Security The push for regulations to reform the stock market and the banking system

Germany The rise of the military dictatorship with Hitler and the Nazi party The militarism and mobilization of the military helped to reduce high unemployment in Germany The outlawing of labor unions for the increase of state power over the working class Soviet Union Totalitarian communism government emphasized industrialization and “collectivization” (farms under government control) Millions were exiled to Siberia in labor camps

THE EMERGENCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TOTALITARIANISM Joseph Stalin – Soviet Union (1924-1952) Benito Mussolini – Italy (1922 - 1943) Adolf Hitler – Germany (1933 - 1945) Hideki Tojo - Japan (1936-1945

Characteristics Dictatorship and absolute rule has a dynamic leader who unites people towards a common goal and expects unconditional loyalty and uncritical support. The ideology glorifies the aims of the state and justifies government actions. Pushes for state control over all aspects of society including business, religion, family life, education, and the arts utilizing propaganda State control over the individual including denial of all civil liberties Organized violence that uses force such as police terror (for example, Mussolini's Black Shirts Hitler’s SS and Stalin’s Great Purge), targeting of groups such as national minorities (anti Semitism), and political opponents

THE ROLES OF VARIOUS WORLD LEADERS Benito Mussolini (b. 1883, d. 1945, 1922-1943) – fascist dictator of Italy during World War II, allied to Hitler and Tojo Adolf Hitler (b. 1889, d. 1945, 1933-1943) – Nazi dictator of Germany during World War II, allied to Mussolini and Tojo, responsible for the Holocaust Hideki Tojo (b. 1884, d. 1948, 1936-1945) – Prime Minister of Japan, had more power than Emperor Hirohito Joseph Stalin (b. 1878, d. 1953, 1924-1952) – communist dictator of the Soviet Union, joined the Allies because he was betrayed over Poland

Franklin Roosevelt (b. 1882, d Franklin Roosevelt (b. 1882, d. 1945, 1933-1945) – President of the United States who died before World War II was over, was Winston Churchill (b. 1874, d. 1964, 1940-1945) – Prime Minister of Great Britain Harry S. Truman (b. 1884, d. 1972, 1945 - 1953) - President of the United States who took over after Roosevelt’s death, made the decision to drop the atomic bomb Leaders of the Axis Powers: Hitler, Mussolini, Tojo Leaders of the Allied Powers: Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin (met during Yalta Conference in 1945 to determine outcome of Europe after World War II), and Truman after Roosevelt’s death (met with Stalin and Atlee at Potsdam Conference).

THE MAJOR CAUSES AND EVENTS OF WORLD WAR II German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, leads to Great Britain and France?s declarations of war on Germany; the invasion is also the first use of the German blitzkrieg (“lightning war”) that incorporates fast-moving airplanes and tanks. The German invasion of the Soviet Union, also called Operation Barbarossa (1941- 1943) results in the unsuccessful German sieges of Leningrad and Moscow. The harsh Russian winter halts further invasion in Russia. Germans besiege Stalingrad in 1942 and are forced to surrender the following year. The Soviet army then begins to push westward into Europe.

The Holocaust – genocide of over 6 million Jews and 7 million people in other groups including Catholics, gypsies, political enemies, etc, throughout Europe considered by Germany to be inferior; known as “The Final Solution” and resulted in the extermination of these people in death camps Japanese imperialism – plans for a Pacific empire that included China that would allow Japan to solve its economic problems through the provision of raw materials and markets for its goods, as well as providing more room for its growing population. Manchuria and China were invaded in the 1930s.

Attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) by Japan lead the United States to declare war on Japan. This results in a declaration of war on the United States by Germany and Italy because opf the alliance system. Normandy landings (June 6, 1944 – “D-Day”) by Allied forces on the coast of France lead to a German retreat. General Eisenhower helped lead. As a result, France and the Low Countries are liberated and Allied troops push eastward into Germany. This leads to Germany's surrender in 1945. Dropping of atomic bombs (August 6 and 9, 1945) by U.S. on Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki leads to Japan’s surrender.