A Second Global Conflict and the End of the European World Order 31 A Second Global Conflict and the End of the European World Order

Figure 31.1 The victorious Japanese armies subjected the tens of thousands European and American prisoners captured in their swift conquest of southeast Asia in 1941–1942 to forced marches to remote prison camps. Many of those who survived these "death marches" perished in the harsh conditions of internment. This photograph, stolen from Japanese files by Filipinos during Japan's three-year occupation, shows Japanese soldiers standing guard over American prisoners of war just before the "death march" began. Figure 31.1 The victorious Japanese armies subjected the tens of thousands European and American prisoners captured in their swift conquest of southeast Asia in 1941–1942 to forced marches to remote prison camps. Many of those who survived these "death marches" perished in the harsh conditions of internment. This photograph, stolen from Japanese files by Filipinos during Japan's three-year occupation, shows Japanese soldiers standing guard over American prisoners of war just before the "death march" began.

Chapter Overview Old and New Causes of a Second World War Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific The Conduct of a Second Global War

Chapter Overview War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff in the Cold War Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa

TIMELINE 1930 C.E. to 1960 C.E. TIMELINE 1930 C.E. to 1960 C.E.

Old and New Causes of a Second World War Guomindang Chinese reunification Japanese invade Manchuria, Manchuko, 1931

Old and New Causes of a Second World War Rehearsals: Dictators, Militarism, and the Agony of the Spanish Civil War Germany Response to Soviet Union, World War I losses National Socialist (Nazi) party Italy Ethiopia

Total War, Global Devastation Development factors Nationalism Steadily more destructive weapons Vast use of resources Emotional commitment Passionate propaganda Destruction Psychological suffering Physical decimation of weaponry

Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific Winston Churchill The Japanese Invasion of China 1937 Guomindang retreat Deadly contest to control east Asia

Figure 31.2 As Chinese resistance to Japanese invasion in 1937 and 1938 stiffened, the invading armies resorted to random, mass executions to cow Chinese soldiers and civilians into submission. Figure 31.2 As Chinese resistance to Japanese invasion in 1937 and 1938 stiffened, the invading armies resorted to random, mass executions to cow Chinese soldiers and civilians into submission.

Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific The Partition of Poland and Nazi Preparations for War in the West Germany Invades Poland, 1939 Britain and France declare war

Figure 31.3 Sober-faced and weeping Czechs watch the entry of the Nazi armies into Prague in the spring of 1939, as Hitler completes the takeover of the tiny democracy that was betrayed by the duplicity and cowardice of Allied leaders. Figure 31.3 Sober-faced and weeping Czechs watch the entry of the Nazi armies into Prague in the spring of 1939, as Hitler completes the takeover of the tiny democracy that was betrayed by the duplicity and cowardice of Allied leaders.

The Conduct of a Second Global War West reacts slowly Nazi Blitzkrieg, Stalemate, and the Long Retreat Germany Conquers France, Low Countries Vichy Northern Africa

Map 35.1 World War II in Europe and the Middle East The Nazi empire in Europe and the Middle East both rose and fell with remarkable speed but at the cost of tens of millions of lives. Map 35.1 World War II in Europe and the Middle East The Nazi empire in Europe and the Middle East both rose and fell with remarkable speed but at the cost of tens of millions of lives.

The Conduct of a Second Global War Nazi Blitzkrieg, Stalemate, and the Long Retreat Britain Winston Churchill Battle of Britain Russia Germany invades, 1941 1943, driven back

Figure 31.4 Erwin Rommel was the Germans' most daring general, earning the nickname "the Desert Fox" when he fought in north Africa. In 1944, when it was clear that Germany was losing the war, he came under suspicion of having plotted to kill Hitler. Rommel was given the choice of taking poison and being buried as a hero or being tried for treason. He chose poison; his death was presented to the German public as the result of war injuries. Figure 31.4 Erwin Rommel was the Germans' most daring general, earning the nickname "the Desert Fox" when he fought in north Africa. In 1944, when it was clear that Germany was losing the war, he came under suspicion of having plotted to kill Hitler. Rommel was given the choice of taking poison and being buried as a hero or being tried for treason. He chose poison; his death was presented to the German public as the result of war injuries.

The Conduct of a Second Global War From Persecution to Genocide: Hitler's War Against the Jews Holocaust begins, 1942 Up to 12 million "undesirables" killed 6 million Jews Western Allies Did not accept immigrants Did not use military assets to strike against concentration camps

The Conduct of a Second Global War Anglo-American Offensives, Encirclement, and the End of the 12-Year Reich Pearl Harbor, 1941 United States joins Allies Americans and British North Africa, 1942 Success against Germans, Italians

The Conduct of a Second Global War Anglo-American Offensives, Encirclement, and the End of the 12-Year Reich Americans and British France, 1944 Battle of the Bulge Germany surrenders, 1945 Suicide of Hitler

Figure 31.5 U.S. warships in flames at the American base at Pearl Harbor following a Japanese attack on December 7, 1941. The attack brought the United States into World War II. Figure 31.5 U.S. warships in flames at the American base at Pearl Harbor following a Japanese attack on December 7, 1941. The attack brought the United States into World War II.

The Conduct of a Second Global War The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire in the Pacific War Japan Attacks U.S., 1941 Indonesia, Malaya, Burma, Philippines

Map 35.2 Asia and the Pacific in World War II Although the human cost in this theatre of the war was the highest in China, the decisive battles were fought on the seas and islands of the vast Pacific Ocean. Map 35.2 Asia and the Pacific in World War II Although the human cost in this theatre of the war was the highest in China, the decisive battles were fought on the seas and islands of the vast Pacific Ocean.

The Conduct of a Second Global War The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire in the Pacific War U.S. Some success by late 1942 Battle of the Coral Sea Midway Island Air attacks on Japan, 1944 Atomic bombs Hiroshima, Nagasaki

War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff United Nations (UN) Security Council U.S., Soviet Union, Britain, France, China World Court

War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff From Hot War to Cold War Teheran Conference, 1944 U.S., Britain, France Yalta Conference, 1945 Germany, four occupation zones Potsdam Conference, 1945 Germany, Austria divided, occupied Japan invaded, loses territories

War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff From Hot War to Cold War Korea freed, divided into two zones China Regains territory Communists v. Nationalists Baltic States Become Soviet provinces Except Yugoslavia, Greece

Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa Total war Atlantic Charter of 1941 Self-determination

Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast Asia Indian National Congress Quit India Movement, 1942 Gandhi Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League British Labour government, 1945 Hindu/Muslim conflict India, Pakistan, 1947

Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast Asia Gandhi assassinated, 1948 Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Myanmar (Burma) Peaceful independence Philippines U.S. grants independence

Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast Asia Dutch Lose Indonesia to nationalists, 1949 French Indochina

Figure 31.6 In 1931 Mahatma Gandhi returned to Great Britain for the first time since his student days in 1915. Although his attempts to negotiate with British leaders came to little, he was a great hit with the British public, in part because of his sly sense of humor. When asked if he was embarrassed to meet King George V in the scant khadi-cloth apparel he wears in this photo, Gandhi quipped that the king-emperor had on enough clothes for the both of them. Figure 31.6 In 1931 Mahatma Gandhi returned to Great Britain for the first time since his student days in 1915. Although his attempts to negotiate with British leaders came to little, he was a great hit with the British public, in part because of his sly sense of humor. When asked if he was embarrassed to meet King George V in the scant khadi-cloth apparel he wears in this photo, Gandhi quipped that the king-emperor had on enough clothes for the both of them.

Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa Two models Radical British Gold Coast (Ghana) Kwame Nkrumah Convention Peoples Party (CPP) Strikes, rallies, boycotts Independence, 1957

Visualizing the Past National Leaders for a New Global Order Mohandas Gandhi, India.

Visualizing the Past National Leaders for a New Global Order Léopold Sédar Senghor, Senegal.

Visualizing the Past National Leaders for a New Global Order Gamal Abdul Nasser, Egypt.

Visualizing the Past National Leaders for a New Global Order Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana.

Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa Peaceful French, Belgian territories Negotiation Senegal, Ivory Coast Léopold Sédar Senghor, Felix Houphouât-Boigny Economic ties retained

Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa All French West African colonies freed by 1960 Portuguese retain colonies

Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies More conflict Kenya Jomo Kenyatta Kenya African Union (KAU) Peaceful efforts fail Land Freedom Army Guerilla tactics Defeated, Kenyatta imprisoned

Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies Kenya Negotiation with Britain Independence, 1963 Kenyatta president

Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies Algeria Violent Secret Army Organization (OAS) National Liberation Front Warfare, 1950s Negotiations Independence, 1962

Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa The Persistence of White Supremacy in South Africa Angola, Mozambique Revolution Independence, 1975 Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) Independence by 1980

Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa The Persistence of White Supremacy in South Africa South Africa Afrikaners Afrikaner National Party White supremacy ideology In control after Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) Apartheid

Figure 31.7 Algerians celebrate after independence was announced in July 1962. Inhabitants of the city stand in triumph atop the motorcade of the PGAR (Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic), which negotiated the terms of independence with the French government. Before independence, barricades had been erected throughout the colony to keep European residential areas off limits to the Arabs and Berbers, who made up the overwhelming majority of the population. Figure 31.7 Algerians celebrate after independence was announced in July 1962. Inhabitants of the city stand in triumph atop the motorcade of the PGAR (Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic), which negotiated the terms of independence with the French government. Before independence, barricades had been erected throughout the colony to keep European residential areas off limits to the Arabs and Berbers, who made up the overwhelming majority of the population.

Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa Conflicting Nationalisms: Arabs, Israelis, and the Palestinian Question Arab nations Most independent by 1960s Palestine Zionist movement Holocaust

Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa Conflicting Nationalisms: Arabs, Israelis, and the Palestinian Question Palestine Muslim revolt, 1936–1939 Haganah 1948, Palestine divided Warfare

Map 35.3 The Partition of Palestine After World War II The areas granted to the Palestinian people by the 1948 UN Partition were quickly occupied by the warring states of Israel and Egypt, Jordan and Syria. Map 35.3 The Partition of Palestine After World War II The areas granted to the Palestinian people by the 1948 UN Partition were quickly occupied by the warring states of Israel and Egypt, Jordan and Syria.