Warm-Up List and describe the 5 elements of a reflex arc.

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Presentation transcript:

Warm-Up List and describe the 5 elements of a reflex arc. List an example of a reflex. What is the difference between a reflex and a voluntary reaction?

Human Brain

4 Major Regions Cerebral Hemispheres Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebellum

1. Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) L & R hemispheres Corpus callosum: large fiber tract; connects 2 hemispheres Lobes: major regions (named for cranial bones) Parietal, frontal, occipital, temporal Gyri (gyrus) = elevated ridges of tissue Sulci (sulcus) = shallow grooves Fissures = deeper grooves, separate large regions of brain Motor & sensory function: opposite hemispheres

Cerebral Cortex Grey matter “Executive suite”  conscious mind

Functions of the Major Lobes

2. Diencephalon (interbrain) 3 main structures: Thalamus: relay station for incoming info Hypothalamus: Autonomic control center (heart rate, BP, digestion) Emotional response (limbic system) Body temperature regulation Regulate food intake Sleep-wake cycles Control endocrine system  pituitary gland at base Epithalamus: pineal gland (sleep-wake cycle)

Diencephalon

3. Brain Stem Programmed, automatic behaviors for survival 3 regions: Midbrain: vision, hearing, reflex Pons: breathing Medulla oblongata: heart rate, BP, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing

Brain Stem

4. Cerebellum Balance, equilibrium, timing of skeletal muscle activity

Protection of CNS Meninges: connective tissue covering CNS structures Dura mater (leathery outer), arachnoid mater (web-like middle), pia mater (surface of brain) Meningitis: inflammation of meninges; bacterial or viral infection Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): watery cushion to protect NS from trauma Lumbar (spinal) tap – test for infection, tumors, multiple sclerosis

Meningitis

Symptoms of Meningitis

Treatment for Meningitis Bacterial  antibiotics Herpes meningitis  antiviral meds IV fluids Prevention: vaccines for bacterial infections (HiB)

Blood-Brain Barrier: endothelial cells in capillaries prevent substances from crossing into brain NO: YES: Urea Toxins Proteins White blood cells Bacteria Most drugs Water Glucose Amino acids Gases Fat-soluble substances Some drugs: anesthetics, alcohol, nicotine

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