February 15 New Seats – midterm Updates/grades Vocabulary List Score CCN/Article Love

Pay $93 on or before March 10 (see calendar to change cost) AP Exam Reminders Pay $93 on or before March 10 (see calendar to change cost)

Recaptures - not an option for those absent on test day Midterm Exam Scoring Thursday Recaptures - not an option for those absent on test day

The Psychology of Love

Reflect Whom do you love. Why do you love them? Describe two people you know are in love. How do you know they love each other?

Why do humans fall in love?

Why Do Humans Fall in Love? 1. Proximity crossing the space/time continuum E=MC spending time together/being near one another a. Mere Exposure Effect Repeated exposure to novel stimuli (nonsense syllables, musical selections, geometric figures, Chinese characters, human faces, the letters of our own name, strange foods) increases our liking for them (Moreland & Zajonc, 1982; Nuttin, 1987) Proximity fosters the mere exposure effect. Describe an example of the mere exposure effect from your own experience.

Why Do Humans Fall in Love? 2. Affect (feeling) a. Attribution Theory: we tend to give a causal explanation for someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition (personality). Events which are not a part of the person but happen in connection with the person affect the way we feel about that person. For example, if we have a shared good time (action), we tend to attribute it to the person we are with.

Why Do Humans Fall in Love? b. Fundamental Attribution Error We attribute others’ behaviors to their disposition (personality) and our own behaviors to the situation This is why you should plan a perfect date! Do something the other person enjoys. They will attribute the fun time they had to YOU, not the situation. They will make the FAE! Part I Part II

Why Do Humans Fall in Love? 3. Physical Attractiveness/Attraction 1. Neurotransmitters 2. Hormones 3. Familiarity – we are more likely to be attracted to similar others (mere exposure … to our own faces?)

Roger Drake - Attraction People are attracted to similar others Attitudes (not physical traits) The strongest predictor of liking is reciprocal liking. University of Wisconson – Having others show attraction toward you Reciprocal liking Acting less interested in others

What Keeps Love Going?

What Keeps Love Going? Equity Theory A=B As long as both people in a relationship are giving/getting equally, there is satisfaction in the relationship. This is based on the reciprocity norm Think of a relationship you have of this nature….

What Keeps Love Going? 5. Social Exchange Theory This is a mathematical equation for love: Love = f (B-C) Love is a function of benefits minus cost. What could some benefits be? Costs? Can you think of a relationship you have for which the benefits DO outweigh the costs? Describe.

Types of Love

What Are the Different Types of Love? 6. Limerence An intense, temporary unreasoned longing for another person Found in new and undeveloped relationships Not just romantic Passion: intensely emotional state in which tender and sexual feelings, elation and pain, anxiety and relief, altruism and jealousy coexist in a confusion of feelings. It has been said that the experience of passionate love combines physical arousal with the perception that the arousal is evoked by the beloved. (attribution theory)

“New Love” - Tennov’s Research But there is a new kind of love to go along with the concept of passion (or exist on its own) LIMERENCE (she made up the word, because it didn’t exist)

LIMERENCE/Passion An INTENSE crush – way more than infatuation May exist on its own without romance. Characterized by: intensity of feeling (obsession) mental preoccupation hyper-attentiveness to the other person fear of rejection (EVERYTHING is scrutinized) proximity seeking (ploys for attention) hope followed by uncertainty (want reciprocity) mood dependency physical symptoms (stress) obstacles intensify the feelings (parents)

February 17 Partners/Rewind Score FRQ – Midterm Exam Rewind Finalize Love/Chocolate Begin Unit XIII Part I – Physical Development February 17

Scoring FRQ Read rubric with partner (aloud) Score sample with partner Score sample as a class Score FRQ Staple score sheet to the TOP and turn in Scoring FRQ

Whom do we feel this for? ANYONE IT COULD BE ANYONE Friend A person who meets our general criteria for a potential “mate” Someone who might potentially RECIPROCATE Someone for whom we feel uncertain IT COULD BE ANYONE

Passion and the Brain Aron et al: Couples who who were absolutely gaga! Looked at pictures of their beloved vs. acquaintances Results? Looking at the beloved activates the caudate nucleus and the VTA Degree of activation correlates with scores on passionate love scale

VTA – ventral tegmental area Dopamine sprinkler system Sends dopamine to the caudate nucleus Activation produces focused attention, heightened energy, fierce concentration, elation and mania

The Caudate Nucleus Dopamine-rich Affected by reward, motivation Dose-dependent Addiction Limerence (passion) is an intense, goal-oriented motivational state!

How Do You Make it Stop? STOP the reinforcement STOP ALL CONTACT Zero stimulation = Zero reinforcement Stop ALL potential for hope OR … form a bond with the person and develop a more stable attachment

Types of Love 7. Companionate Love: the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined. True ATTACHMENT Characteristics include: TRUST CARING TOLERANCE OF THE PARTNER’S FLAWS AND IDIOSYNCRASIES AN EMOTIONAL TYPE OF WARMTH AND AFFECTION (RATHER THAN AN EMOTIONAL PASSION)

February 22 Rewind Tests/Recaptures/Grades Finalize Love/Chocolate and Turn in Study Guide Begin Unit XIII Part I - Physical Development Begin Unit XIII Part II (if time) February 22

Knowing Your Partner Take the Knowing Your Partner Quiz # 1-22 Friends’ relationship Your relationship Relatives’ relationship Past relationship Fictional couple 8. Gotman’s research 650 couples/since 1999 Major influences

8. Progression of Love and Attachment Limerence Attachment start 2 yrs over 4 yrs

Marriage in Utah and US Dr. Lisa Diamond (University of Utah) Heterosexual (new research looking at same sex marriages) Utahns more likely to marry Utahns more likely to divorce Median age of first marriage: Women: 21 in Utah, 25 in US Men: 23 in Utah, 27 in US

8. Progression of Love and Attachment Limerence Attachment start 2 yrs over 4 yrs

Marriage in Utah and US In US, 20% of first marriages end within 5 years 33% by 10 Utah? 50% by 5 years 70% by 10

February 22 Rewind/Finalize Love and Chocolate CCN/Quiz Recapture/Upcoming Schedule Begin Unit XIII Part I February 22

9. Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love The Triangular Theory of Love: L = characteristic is LOW H = characteristic is HIGH I = Intimacy (closeness, sharing, self-disclosure, giving) P = Passion (sexual attraction, romantic feelings) C = Commitment (cognitive, intention to remain in relationship)

intimacy passion commitment nonlove low liking high infatuated love   intimacy passion commitment nonlove low liking high infatuated love romantic love empty love  fatuous love companionate love consummate love

Chocolate!!

Reflection What type of chocolate is your favorite? (dark, milk, white, etc …) What is your ideal form of chocolate? (cookies, candy, cake, etc …) Why is chocolate associated with love and Valentine’s Day?

How many chemicals? Chocolate contains over 380 different chemicals! Here are just a few….

Tetrahydro-beta-carbolines More than a mouth full… Mild MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors. (Similar to antidepressant) Influences mood, food intake, compulsive behaviors, and addiction

Theobromine Dogs cannot digest May go “mad” or become ill temporarily as the body tries to rid itself Could be fatal in large quantities Babies cannot digest May become ill

Brain Produces Natural Opiates Endorphins Dull pain Increase feeling of well-being Euphoria

Anandamide Cannabanoid Mimic Binds to THC receptors But be careful…. A 130 pound person + 25 pounds of chocolate (pure) = marijuana-like high

Phenyl ethylamine Similar to amphetamines Stimulant Blood pressure and blood sugar rises Alertness Contentment

Caffeine/Methylxanthines How much stimulation? 130 pound person + 12 Hershey bars = 1 cup of coffee

What do you know now? Ahhh… The joy of chocolate!