Providing Equal Educational Opportunity Chapter 12 Providing Equal Educational Opportunity
Segregation History 1700s - 1860s Slavery and oppression before Civil War. 1877 - 1950s Segregation enforced through “Jim Crow” laws. 1954 - early 1960s 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling outlawed segregated schools, but most resisted integrating. 1960s - 1990s Progress made combating segregation of African Americans in some areas, but increased segregation for Latinos. 1990s - 2000s Many cities ceased or slowed desegregation efforts.
ESEA – Title 1 (1965) Compensatory Education Services Promotion of parental involvement and support Early childhood education Reading, language, & math instruction Bilingual education Guidance, counseling, social services Dropout prevention Teacher training After-school programs Computer labs and networks
ESEA Re-authorization: No Child Left Behind Act (2001) Standards and Annual Testing Disaggregated data / special needs students Adequate Yearly Progress Supplemental Services and Restructuring Highly qualified teachers and staff
Assimilation Cultural Pluralism Focuses on developing a single American identity Discourages or forbids students’ use of native languages Discourages or forbids cultural customs or learning styles that do not fit American ideal Curriculum emphasizes western European cultural heritage Cultural Pluralism Encourages diverse cultural identities Bilingual education is often an option Accommodates diverse learning styles and appreciates contributions of diverse cultural customs Curriculum recognizes diverse cultural heritage
Multicultural Education Accommodates diverse learning styles Recognizes dialect differences Accommodates language differences Includes multiethnic curriculum and instruction Human relations skills Cultural self-awareness Multicultural awareness Cross-cultural experiences
Federal Requirements for Special Education Fair and comprehensive evaluation of disabilities, based on multiple criteria Parent/guardian access to diagnosis information and right to protest school decisions Individualized Education Program (IEP) for each student, including short- and long-range goals Education provided in least restrictive environment (mainstreaming and inclusion).