Post-Mao China

Who Was Deng Xiapoing?

Man of the Year 1980: Deng Xiaoping became the leader of China New focus: economic not political concerns

Deng: “less empty talk and more hard work” Four Modernizations Agriculture Industry Science Defense Praise for scientists and intellectuals vs. peasants Peasants allowed to sell crops from their land Special economic zones created to create more trade and development.

Deng’s Ten Year Plan (way better than Mao’s Five Year Plans) Driven by incentives and catching up: FOUR MODERNIZATIONS Military: Modernize technology Science and Technology: Reform education, send students overseas Industry: Heavy industry, SOE’s, limited autonomy Agriculture: Mechanize, Household Responsibility System Deng’s policies more practical and responsive to the economic times Willing to alter Communist ideologies for what’s best for the country

The Open-Door Policy Work hard to join the world Welcome international trade & foreign direct Investment China entered the WTO in 2001 China’s tariffs dropped to 6% from an average of 41% in five years Study abroad

Special Economic Zones An “open door policy” announced 1979 Four “Special Economic Zones” were created with Tax incentives Foreign exchange provisions Lack of regulations Markets function!

Special Economic Zones Special tax incentive for foreign investment in the SEZs Greater independence is provided for International trade activities Products are primarily export oriented Market driven economic activity Attracts and utilizes foreign capital Means to China’s booming manufacturing industry flowing through these zones Locations Guangdong Province, Fujian Province, Hainan Province, Hunchun, Pudong Development Zone (Shanghai)

The Result: an Example Shenzhen, a small border town, changed into a modern city Per capita GDP was 7 times the nation’s average Foreign investment and exports have been the primary engines of economic growth

Shenzhen: The Early 1970s Shenzhen: Today

An Economic Miracle China’s economy has grown at about 8% yearly per person for the last 30 years—about a tenfold increase in output per person. By some measures, China now has the second-largest economy in the world. When Deng became leader, over half China’s population was poor by global standard. Now the figure stands at 10% or less. At the same time, there are about 28 Chinese billionaires today.

Tiananmen Square

Tiananmen Square People wanted political reform 1978, people began to criticize the gov’t 1986 arrested key leaders April 1989, students held a demonstration in Beijing.

Tiananmen Square Gov’t officials refused to talk to students Demonstrations continued Martial law was imposed - citizens helped students

Tiananmen Square June 3, 1989, army began to use force Red Army moved in (700 –3,000 deaths) No democratic reforms occurred

One Child Policy

Success or Failure? One Child Policy 1979 1980 China has 1 billion people Began as a temporary measure but lasts to today and will continue (reassessment in 2010) Has been limited to urban populations Fines, pressures to abort a pregnancy, and forced sterilization accompanied second or subsequent pregnancies

Effects of One Child Policy Caused a disdain for female babies abortion, neglect, abandonment, and even infanticide 114 males for every 100 females (world average is 105:100) “Little Emperor Syndrome” of spoiled only children Estimated to have lowered the population by 300 million 80’s generation now of childbearing age and are allowed to have two per couple (if you don’t have siblings)