Motivation and Emotions Chapter 13

Motivation- feelings that make us do the things we do Emotion- states of feeling Motive- stimulus that moves a person to behave in ways to accomplish a goal Need- condition in which we require something we lack Biological needs include food, oxygen, and water Self esteem- sense of belonging, and social approval are psychological needs Drives- a force that motivates a person to take action

Theories of Motivation Instinct Theory Instincts- patterns that are transmitted from generation to generation Drive Reduction Theory- drive arises from a need as an unpleasant tension You do whatever to reduce the tension Homeostasis- state of comfort Critics argue does not apply to everyone

Theories of Motivation Humanistic Theory- motivated by a desire for personal growth and artistic fulfillment. Abraham Maslow believed people were willing to tolerate pain or hunger to achieve goals of self-actualization Self Actualization-to become what one believes he or she can be. Many people seek self actualization through work, hobbies, music or art. Critics argue theory doesn’t apply to everyone Is it lack of interest or facing overwhelming obstacles. Socio-Cultural Theory- Culture experiences shapes people in motivation and drives

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Biological Motivation Body Tissue Needs- food, water, air, temperature, and pain avoidance Hunger drive- chewing and swallowing reduce the hunger drive The drive is satisfied when the food is digested That takes time (It is wise to stop eating before you feel full) Hypothalamus tells body to start eating and when to stop Other influences on eating we usually eat more when you are with other people. Eating as a stress reduces (Relaxes body)

Obesity- weighing more than 30 percent above ones recommended weight. More likely to come down with illnesses such as heart disease, diabetes, respiratory problems and certain types of cancer Also tend to be less popular and less successful

Psychological Needs Reduce tension Or increase stimulation Stimulus motives- desire for stimulation including sensory stimulation, activity, exploration and manipulation of the environment Survival value-change your environment to survive Identify potential dangers Some people need more stimulation than others Is it nature or nurture?

Achievement Motivation Driven to get ahead, take on new challenges, meet high personal standards Performance goals- specific goals or rewards, earning approval or avoidance of criticism Extrinsic rewards- good grades, good income, or respect Learning goals- learning to have a better understanding Intrinsic rewards- self satisfaction Comes from culture and upbringing, attitudes toward achievement

Emotions Emotional states of feelings influence thoughts and behaviors How emotions develop in people and how they effect our lives remains unanswered State of happiness affects everything a person does World seems safer, makes decisions faster, has greater satisfaction with their lives We feel good the world looks good. When we feel low, nothing seems to go right Happier people are more likely to help others

Anger Makes a person seem out of control. Discussing anger and expressing unhappiness eases the unpleasant feelings. Emotions determine how we should react to different situations