35 Rebirth and Revolution: Nation-Building in East Asia and the Pacific Rim

Figure 35.1 Mass demonstrations, such as the one in the photo that was staged in front of the Gate of Heavenly Peace in Beijing at the height of the Cultural Revolution in the mid-1960s, showed both the participants' adulation of Mao Zedong and their capacity to intimidate his political rivals. Figure 35.1 Mass demonstrations, such as the one in the photo that was staged in front of the Gate of Heavenly Peace in Beijing at the height of the Cultural Revolution in the mid-1960s, showed both the participants' adulation of Mao Zedong and their capacity to intimidate his political rivals.

Chapter Overview East Asia in the Postwar Settlements The Pacific Rim: More Japans? Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam

TIMELINE 1940 C.E. to 1970 C.E. TIMELINE 1940 C.E. to 1970 C.E.

East Asia in the Postwar Settlements Taiwan restored to China Japanese Recovery American occupation Ends, 1952 Democratization Women get the vote Unions encouraged Shintoism disestablished

Map 35.1 The Pacific Rim Area by 1960 Geographic locations and political systems created new contacts and alignments. Map 35.1 The Pacific Rim Area by 1960 Geographic locations and political systems created new contacts and alignments.

East Asia in the Postwar Settlements Japanese Recovery Democratization Land redistribution New constitution Modified, 1963 Liberal Democratic Party, 1955

East Asia in the Postwar Settlements Korea: Intervention and War American zone Republic of Korea Russian zone People's Democratic Republic of Korea North Communist Kim Il-Sung, to 1994

East Asia in the Postwar Settlements Korea: Intervention and War South Syngman Rhee Parliamentary government North invades South, 1950 U.S. leads UN effort China supports North 1953, armistice

Figure 35.2 The internationalization of the civil conflict between the regimes of North and South Korea in the late 1940s led to the flight of hundreds of thousands of refugees from one region to another. As this photo so starkly portrays, these migrations often occurred in the harsh winter season when many of those in flight died of the cold and hunger. Figure 35.2 The internationalization of the civil conflict between the regimes of North and South Korea in the late 1940s led to the flight of hundreds of thousands of refugees from one region to another. As this photo so starkly portrays, these migrations often occurred in the harsh winter season when many of those in flight died of the cold and hunger.

East Asia in the Postwar Settlements Emerging Stability in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore Chinese occupation Chiang Kai-shek Taiwan Guomindang retreats to Taiwan U.S. Support

East Asia in the Postwar Settlements Emerging Stability in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore Hong Kong British colony Chinese control, 1997 Singapore Independence, 1965

East Asia in the Postwar Settlements Japan, Incorporated: A Distinctive Political and Cultural Style Liberal Democrat Party, 1955–1993 Corruption raises questions Economic progress

East Asia in the Postwar Settlements Post-War Politics and Culture Cultural continuity State-sponsored discipline Hiraoka Kimitoke Nationalist Ritual suicide in 1970

Figure 35.3 The blending of ancient Japanese culture (kimonos) and modern consumer goods (cellphones, backpacks, and thermoses) is evident in this photo of three young women dressed for an evening out on the town. Figure 35.3 The blending of ancient Japanese culture (kimonos) and modern consumer goods (cellphones, backpacks, and thermoses) is evident in this photo of three young women dressed for an evening out on the town.

East Asia in the Postwar Settlements The Economic Surge: Japan Challenges the Superpowers for Economic Supremacy Company unions Cooperation between management, labor Women Traditional attitudes

Figure 35.4 Tokyo at night at the beginning of the 21st century epitomizes the resurgence of Asian economies following World War II. Figure 35.4 Tokyo at night at the beginning of the 21st century epitomizes the resurgence of Asian economies following World War II.

East Asia in the Postwar Settlements The Economic Surge: Japan Challenges the Superpowers for Economic Supremacy Popular culture Western influence Political change

The Pacific Rim: More Japans? Park Chung-hee, 1961–1979 Development from the Top Down South Korea Military loses power More open press, political action New companies Hyundai

Figure 35.5 As this photo of an ultramodern skyscraper in Hong Kong amply illustrates, some of the most innovative architecture of the age of globalization can be found in the great commercial centers along the Pacific Rim. The region also boasts one of the world's tallest buildings, a twin-tower office complex in the Malaysian capital of Kuala Lumpur. Figure 35.5 As this photo of an ultramodern skyscraper in Hong Kong amply illustrates, some of the most innovative architecture of the age of globalization can be found in the great commercial centers along the Pacific Rim. The region also boasts one of the world's tallest buildings, a twin-tower office complex in the Malaysian capital of Kuala Lumpur.

The Pacific Rim: More Japans? Advances in Taiwan and the City-States Taiwan Rapid economic growth More contact with China, other neighbors Death of Chiang Kai-shek, 1978 Chiang Ching-kuo Gap narrows between China and Taiwan

The Pacific Rim: More Japans? Advances in Taiwan and the City-States Singapore Similar to Taiwan Lee Kuan Yew Authoritarian rule Returned to China, 1997

Figure 35.6 Hyundai loading dock for export to the United States.

The Pacific Rim: More Japans? Common Themes and New Problems Common culture Group loyalty stronger than individualism Confucianism important in economic development Benefit from Japanese influence Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia follow

Visualing the Past Pacific Rim Growth Indices of Growth and Change in the Pacific Rim: Gross National Product (GNP) 1965–1996 pt 1 Visualing the Past Pacific Rim Growth Indices of Growth and Change in the Pacific Rim: Gross National Product (GNP) 1965–1996 pt 1

Visualing the Past Pacific Rim Growth Indices of Growth and Change in the Pacific Rim: Gross National Product (GNP) 1965–1996 pt 2 Visualing the Past Pacific Rim Growth Indices of Growth and Change in the Pacific Rim: Gross National Product (GNP) 1965–1996 pt 2

The Pacific Rim as a U.S. Policy Issue U.S.'s active promotion of economic growth to discourage communism Not eager to relinquish military superiority Difficulty to accept Asian competition No clear change in policy Pacific Rim's challenges How much to Westernize How to express pride amidst Western achievement

Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution Chiang Kai-shek Japanese invasion Allies with Communists Guomindang's position lessened Partly due to military defeat

Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution Chiang Kai-shek Communism popular Mao gaining power by 1945 People's Republic of China Defeat of Japan, 1949 Communists ascendant

Map 35.2 China in the Years of Japanese Occupation and Civil War, 1931–1949 The Chinese political map changed radically and often in the 1930s and 1940s due to civil wars and foreign invasions. Map 35.2 China in the Years of Japanese Occupation and Civil War, 1931–1949 The Chinese political map changed radically and often in the 1930s and 1940s due to civil wars and foreign invasions.

Figure 35.7 This propaganda poster features Mao Zedong as the friend and father of the people. Soldiers, peasants, women, children, and peoples from the many regions of China are pictured here joyously rallying to Mao's vision of a strong, just, and prosperous China. Figure 35.7 This propaganda poster features Mao Zedong as the friend and father of the people. Soldiers, peasants, women, children, and peoples from the many regions of China are pictured here joyously rallying to Mao's vision of a strong, just, and prosperous China.

Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution The Communists Come to Power Party cadres People's Liberation Army Secession movements Inner Mongolia, Tibet Korean War China supports division Vietnam Support liberation

Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution The Communists Come to Power Alliance with Soviet Union Collapses by late 1950s Border disputes Post-Stalin changes War with India

Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution Planning for Economic Growth and Social Justice Land reform First five-year plan, 1953 Mass Line approach, 1955 Agricultural cooperatives Farming through collectives from 1956 Purge of intellectuals, 1957

Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution The Great Leap Backward The Great Leap Forward, 1958 Based on peasant communes Peasants uncooperative Famine Ended by 1960 Mao no longer state chairman Still head of Central Committee Replaced by pragmatists Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping

Figure 35.8 The famous backyard steel furnaces became a symbol of China's failed drive for self-sufficiency during the disastrous "Great Leap Forward" of the late 1950s. Figure 35.8 The famous backyard steel furnaces became a symbol of China's failed drive for self-sufficiency during the disastrous "Great Leap Forward" of the late 1950s.

Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution "Women Hold Up Half of the Heavens" Mao and Jiang Qing Guomindang Not supportive of women's rights Communist promising Legal equalilty Work outside the home Opportunities increase

Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution Mao's Last Campaign and the Fall of the Gang of Four Cultural Revolution, 1965 Red Guard Zhou Enlai put into seclusion Liu Shaoqi killed Deng Xiaoping emprisoned Ended, 1968

Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution Mao's Last Campaign and the Fall of the Gang of Four Gang of Four Jiang Qing Opposed by Deng Defeated by pragmatists Imprisoned Pragmatists More open to West, capitalism

Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam French Interest since 1600s Hope to convert to Catholicism Tayson peasant rebellion, 1770s Nguyen, Trinh dynasties out French back Nguyen Anh (Gia Long) Unification by 1802 New capital at Hue

Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam Minh Mang Persecution of Vietnamese Catholics French intervene, 1840s Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos taken over by 1890s Nguyen as puppets French takeover Discredits emperor, bureaucracy, Confucianism

Map 35.3 Vietnam: Divisions in the Nguyen and French Periods Within decades of the unification of Vietnam under the Nguyen dynasty it was conquered piecemeal and again divided politically by French colonizers. Map 35.3 Vietnam: Divisions in the Nguyen and French Periods Within decades of the unification of Vietnam under the Nguyen dynasty it was conquered piecemeal and again divided politically by French colonizers.

Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam Vietnamese Nationalism: Bourgeois Dead Ends and Communist Survival French influence Western-educated middle class Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD) From 1920s Repressed, 1929

Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam Vietnamese Nationalism: Bourgeois Dead Ends and Communist Survival Communist Party of Vietnam as the focus of resistance Crushed by French Aided by Comintern Ho Chi Minh Japan occupies Vietnam, 1941

Map 35.4 North and South Vietnam Vietnam was arbitrarily divided at the 17th parallel in 1954 due to the pressure of the great powers and over the objection of the Vietnamese communists who had led the war of liberation against the French. Map 35.4 North and South Vietnam Vietnam was arbitrarily divided at the 17th parallel in 1954 due to the pressure of the great powers and over the objection of the Vietnamese communists who had led the war of liberation against the French.

Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam The War of Liberation against the French Viet Minh Communist-dominated resistance Vo Nguyen Giap Proclaims independence, 1945 Only in North War French defeated at Dien Bien Phu, 1954 Geneva conference promises elections

Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam The War of Liberation against the United States Communists v. United States South Ngo Dinh Diem, president Fights communists (Viet Cong) North Supports Viet Cong

Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam The War of Liberation against the United States Communists v. United States United States Supports military overthrow of Diem Withdraws, 1970s Communists Take South Vietnam

Figure 35.9 April 30, 1975. As the victorious Viet Cong entered Saigon, a photographer captured the image of a lone woman hurrying along a road strewn with uniforms abandoned by former South Vietnamese soldiers fearful of being identified as having fought on the losing side. Figure 35.9 April 30, 1975. As the victorious Viet Cong entered Saigon, a photographer captured the image of a lone woman hurrying along a road strewn with uniforms abandoned by former South Vietnamese soldiers fearful of being identified as having fought on the losing side.

Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam After Victory: Salvaging Communism in an Era of Globalization Difficulties U.S. blocks international aid Reprisals Economy more open in 1980s Better relations with U.S.

Figure 35.10 By the mid-1990s, the failed efforts of the United States to isolate Vietnam gave way to increasing economic and diplomatic contacts. One example of American corporate penetration is depicted in this street scene from Hanoi in 1993. The opening of Vietnam to foreign investment, assistance, and tourism accelerated through the 1990s. In this atmosphere it has been possible to begin to heal the deep wounds and animosities generated by decades of warfare waged by the Vietnamese people against advanced industrial nations such as Japan, France, and the United States. Figure 35.10 By the mid-1990s, the failed efforts of the United States to isolate Vietnam gave way to increasing economic and diplomatic contacts. One example of American corporate penetration is depicted in this street scene from Hanoi in 1993. The opening of Vietnam to foreign investment, assistance, and tourism accelerated through the 1990s. In this atmosphere it has been possible to begin to heal the deep wounds and animosities generated by decades of warfare waged by the Vietnamese people against advanced industrial nations such as Japan, France, and the United States.