A quick tour of the privacy principles https://www. privacy. org Personal information must only be collected when: The collection is for a lawful purpose, connected with what the agency does, and It is necessary to collect the information for that purpose PRINCIPLE 2 Personal information must usually be collected from the person the information is about. But sometimes it is all right to collect information from other people instead - for instance, when: Getting it from the person concerned would undermine the purpose of the collection It’s necessary so a public sector body can uphold or enforce the law The person concerned authorises collection from someone else https://privacy.org.nz/blog/nethui-and-the-internet-of-things/

PRINCIPLE 4 Personal information must not be collected by unlawful means or by means that are unfair or unreasonably intrusive in the circumstances.  PRINCIPLE 5 It’s impossible to stop all mistakes. But agencies must ensure that there are reasonable safeguards in place to prevent loss, misuse or disclosure of personal information. PRINCIPLE 6 People usually have a right to ask for access to personal information that identifies them. However, sometimes, agencies can refuse to give access to information, for instance because giving the information would: endanger a person’s safety prevent detection and investigation of criminal offences involve an unwarranted breach of someone else’s privacy. PRINCIPLE 7 People have a right to ask the agency to correct information about themselves, if they think it is wrong. If the agency does not want to correct the information, it does not usually have to. But people can ask the agency to add their views about what the correct information is.

Digital Divide Digital technologies have become critical for people to participate in education, work, health provision, social services, tax services and commercial activities. Yet some groups of our population have limited or no access to digital technologies, or do not have the confidence to use them. Research shows that the most digitally-excluded groups are adults with disabilities, children with special needs, Pasifika, Maori, senior citizens, people from low socio-economic backgrounds, and those living in regions or communities with low internet uptake rates. For example, the 2013 Census revealed that a total of 62,000 families with dependent children do not have access to the internet in their homes, with more than 28 per cent of these families living in south Auckland and Gisborne, and more than 32 per cent in the Far North and eastern Bay of Plenty. This is an extremely concerning situation at a time when children are expected to do their homework via the internet.

These families are typically in low income communities with a high proportion of Maori and Pasifika: only 55 per cent of families with an annual household income of between $10,000and $20,000, 65 per cent of Pasifika peoples, and 68 per cent of Maori have internet access at home.   It is often assumed that digital divides will disappear over time, as more and more people will have grown up in the digital age. Also, Information and Communications Technology (ICT) infrastructure is a priority of this Government, with over $1.5 billion being invested in the rollout of ultra-fast broadband and rural broadband. However, research shows continuing divides between 'digital-rich' and 'digital-poor' people in New Zealand society, with the latter usually belonging to the seven digitally-excluded groups mentioned above.

One important reason for being digitally-excluded is the cost involved with using digital technologies in New Zealand. Even a subsidised internet connection, which requires a weekly contribution of $10, is something a substantial number of families cannot afford.   Another important reason is that a lack of knowledge or skills leads to a lack of confidence and lower trust in internet use. Also, having internet access is no guarantee it will be used, or of people's willingness to provide their personal details via online channels. This is demonstrated for example by considering 2012 research that found 76 per cent of people between 65 and 74 years of age had internet access at home, but only 61 per cent were recent internet users.

It also showed that 52 per cent of people 75 years and over had internet at home but only 32 per cent had recently used it.   We know from experience in Scandinavian countries that many senior citizens do not have the confidence or skills to provide personal details via the internet as a result of illnesses causing memory loss, for example. Also, although many young people are deeply engaged with social media, this does not mean that they inherently have the knowledge or skills to use the internet in a meaningful way. Furthermore, research conducted in New Zealand shows that people from a range of backgrounds have become more private online over time.

https://www. slideshare. net/Aumi/digital-divide-2489419 https://www.slideshare.net/Aumi/digital-divide-2489419?next_slideshow=1 https://www.slideshare.net/haspires/pondering-the-digital-divide-world-view-2013 https://www.slideshare.net/NOMZAMOTYEKU/raising-awareness-on-the-ramifications-of-digital-divide-68051042

Harmful Digital Communications Act 2017 Purpose The purpose of this Act is to— (a) deter, prevent, and mitigate harm caused to individuals by digital communications; and (b) provide victims of harmful digital communications with a quick and efficient means of redress. http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2015/0063/latest/whole.html#DLM6124401 Telecommunications act 2001 http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2001/0103/latest/DLM124961.html http://www.adls.org.nz/for-the-profession/news-and-opinion/2016/7/8/new-centre-for-ict- law-will-stand-out-from-the-crowd/ law paper in ICT 2016