Number Heads Together Prepared by Rizky Nurul Amalia Hanny S. Surya Yakob Metboki Budi Ilhami

An overview on Learning Theory Learning theory has been thought of as a key factor in teaching and learning Teacher is the one who has to have the understanding of learning Learning theory is “a general set of statement which is applied in order to explain the condition of learning” (Sugihartono, et al, 2007: 89)

5 points to know about learning theory Understanding the basic concepts, features, and scope How is teachers’ attitude and role if the theory is applied Environmental factors ( facility, tool, condition) to afford the learning process Understanding the steps in teaching and learning process What things should the students do?

Factors in criticizing learning theory Knowing the developer Understanding the background from which the theory is generated. The updating facts of its development

Kinds of learning theory Behaviorism theory of learning Constructivism theory of learning Humanism Theory of learning

Cooperative Learning Theory: a born theory of constructivism theory learning Definition “The instructional method, where students work in group to help one to another during learning activities”. The cooperation involves two people, and the maximum one was four people with different background.

Techniques in Cooperative Learning Theory 3 categories of technique Simple Structures (11) Student Team Learning Techniques (3) Bridging techniques (4) Think-Pair-Share STAD (Student Teams-Achievement Divisions) Snowballing T.A.P.P.S.(Talking Aloud Paired Problem-Solving) TGT (Teams-Games-Tournaments) Brainstorm Building Study Buddies JIGSAW II Modified What I Know Partner Reading Pairs-Consulting-Pairs Checkmates Three Step Interview Roundtable Circle of Knowledge Numbered Heads Together Pairs Check Send a Problem

The developer and his idea: Kagan in Bookman, et al (2001: 1) believed that Number Heads Together is “a technique which is useful for quickly reviewing objective material in a fun way”.

What does it look like? Practically, students in each team of four are numbered 1, 2, 3, or 4. In so doing, students train each other on the material to be mastered. This is also called Discussing Reasons. Next, teachers pose a question and call a number: 1, 2, 3, or 4. Students with that number are allowed to answer and earn points for their team. Furthermore, the class can be lead to repeat the previous sections (Bookman, et al, (2001); Jacob, Lee, & Ball (p. 43-44).

Using NHT is effective in ELT Central NHT is the concept of building both individual accountability and positive interdependence. Students’ knowledge on any subject matter is exposed automatically. Theoretical base Brown (2000: 283) “automatic process refers to processing in a more complex skill, where the “hard drive” of your brain can manage hundreds and thousands of bits of information” Speaking Skill The technique is applicable to refer to speaking because it raises the collaborative skill of asking for and giving reasons.

References Bookman, B., et al. (2001). Cooperative Learning - Descriptions of some commonly used techniques. The NYS Biology - Chemistry Mentor Network, DDE Title II, FLCC, 2001. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http://opas.ous.edu/Committees/Resources/Research_pa pers/15CommonlyUsedTechniques.pdf. Brown, H.D. (2000). Principles of LlanguageLearning and Teaching. 4th Edition. New York: Prentice Hall Regents. Jacobs, G. M., Lee, G. S., & Ball, J. (….) Cooperative Learning. A sourcebook of Lessons Plans for Teacher Education on Cooperative Learning. ……Kagan Cooperative Learning. Slavin, R. E. (1995). Cooperative Learning. New York: Teachers Collage Press. Sugihartono, et al. (2007). Psikologi Pendidikan. Yogyakarta: UNY Press.