Because it said “CONCENTRATE” Solubility Why was the sleep-deprived chemistry student staring at the orange juice carton? Why was the sleep-deprived chemistry student staring at the orange juice carton? Because it said “CONCENTRATE”

Units

Example If the solubility of sodium chloride at 25°C is 36.2g/100.g water, what is the maximum mass of sodium chloride that can be dissolved in 200.0g of water at the same temperature? If the solubility of potassium nitrate at 20°C is 79 grams in 250 grams of water, what is the solubility in grams per liter?

Factors that Affect Solubility i. Temperature Solids/liquids Gases ii. Pressure (gases only) As the liquid’s temperature ↑, solubility ↑ As the liquid’s temperature ↑, solubility ↓ As the pressure↑, solubility ↑ As the pressure ↓, solubility ↓

Solid Solubility & Temp Sugar Salt

Solubility Curve Solid/liquids

Gas Solubility & Temp

O2 gas solubility and temperature

Gas Solubility & Pressure low P high P low c high c

Henry’s Law The solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas over the solution S ∝ P S1 S2 P1 P2 = S = kP S P = k

Example The solubility of a gas is 0.35 g/L at 25.0 kPa of pressure. What is the solubility when the pressure is increased to 115 kPa?

Concentration Percent by mass (m/m) Percent by volume (v/v) Parts per million (ppm) Molarity (mol/L)

Percent by Mass An aquarium must contain 13.6 g of sodium chloride per 100. g of water. What is the percent by mass of sodium chloride in the solution? You have a 650.0 g aqueous potassium chloride solution. If the percent by mass of the solute is 1.25% how many grams of solute are in the solution? Grams of solvent?

Percent by Volume What is the percent by volume of ethanol in a solution that contains 45 mL of ethanol dissolved in 145 mL of water? If you have 200.0 mL of a 35.0% aqueous solution of ethanol, what volume of ethanol and water are in the solution?

Parts per million 150 mL of an aqueous sodium chloride solution contains 0.0045g of sodium chloride. Calculate the concentration of sodium chloride in parts per million. If 25 grams of a chemical is dissolved in 75 grams of water, what is the concentration of the chemical in parts per million?

Suppose 17 grams of sucrose is dissolved in 183 grams of water Suppose 17 grams of sucrose is dissolved in 183 grams of water. What is the concentration of sucrose in parts per million? Convert 0.0035% sodium chloride by mass into parts per million.

Molarity 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑀)= 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

1. Calculate the molarity of a 1. 75 L solution containing 3 1. Calculate the molarity of a 1.75 L solution containing 3.45 moles of calcium chloride. 2. Calculate the molarity of an 855 mL solution containing 2.75 moles of sodium nitrate. 3. A 100.5 mL IV solution contains 5.10 g of glucose. What is the molarity of this solution?

4. How many moles of sodium nitrate are in 655 mL of a. 3 4. How many moles of sodium nitrate are in 655 mL of a 3.45 M solution? Now putting %Concentration, Molarity and mass all together: 5. Calculate the percent by mass of the solute in 5.50 g of NaBr in 78.2 g of solution.

6. A solution has a density of 1. 08 g/mL. Find the % by mass of a 2 6. A solution has a density of 1.08 g/mL. Find the % by mass of a 2.50 M NaCl solution. 7. Find the molarity of a 3.35% by mass NaOH solution with a density of solution = 1.04 g/mL.