Geographic Models

Geographer Content Area Model Wegener Pattison Geography: Nature and Perspectives Plate Tectonic Theory Four Geographic Traditions Possibilism Determinism Malthus Ravenstein Thompson Boserup Population Malthusian Theory Neo-Malthusian Theory Laws of Migration Demographic Transition Model Boserup’s Thesis Sauer Cultural Patterns Cultural Landscape Conrad-Demarest MacKinder Spykman Mahan Rostow Ratzel Wallerstein Political Organization of Space Stages of Empire Building Heartland Theory Rimland Theory Sea Power Theory Model of Economic Development Organic Theory of Nations World Systems Theory

Geographer Content Area Model Von Thunen Burgess Boserup Agricultural and Rural Land Use Agricultural Model Concentric Zone Model Boserup’s Thesis Carey Castells Castells & Hall Kondratieff Losch Rostow Wallerstein Weber Industrialization and Economic Development Gravity Model Space of Flows Technopolis Long Wave Theory Agglomeration/Spatial Influence Model of Economic Development Core-Periphery Model Industry Location/Least Cost/Agglomeration Hoyt Harris-Ullman Christaller Borchert Cities and Urban Land Use Urban Sector Model Multiple Nuclei Model Central Place Theory Stages of Evolution of American Metropolis The Club of Rome EVERYTHING World3

Geography Its Nature And Perspective

Population Density Density is measured with a ration of the number of items within a defined unit of area. For exampled, human population density is typically measured according to the number of inhabitants per square mile or square kilometer of land. Because it is a ratio of quantity per unit of area, density always expresses a relative value

Environmental Determinism Definition: The belief that the physical environment has played a major role in the cultural development of a people or locale. Also called environmentalism. Examples: In previous years, environmental determinism was popular and it was acceptable to believe that cultures were ruled by their environment. The well-known contrast between the energetic people of the most progressive parts of the temperate zone and the inert inhabitants of the tropics and even of intermediate regions, such as Persia, is largely due to climate . . . the people of the cyclonic regions rank so far above those of the other parts of the world that they are the natural leaders. Ellsworth Huntington, Principles of Human Geography, 1940

Environmental Possibilism A philosophy seen in contrast to environmental determinism that declares that although environmental conditions do have an influence on human and cultural development, people have varied possibilities in how they decide to live within a given environment. Even possibilism has its limitations, for it encourages a line of inquiry that starts with the physical environment and asks what it allows. Yet human cultures have frequently pushed the boundaries of what was once thought to be environmentally possible by virtue of their own ideas and ingenuity. Harm de Blij, Human Geography, 7th ed., page 33.

Site and SITUATION Site refers to a place’s absolute location, often described in terms of its physical geography. Situation, on the other hand, refers to a place’s location relative to external social relations, systems, or networks

Four Traditions of Geography The Four Traditions were outlined by William Pattison at the NCGE Opening Session on November 29, 1963. Tradition Core Concepts Spatial Tradition Mapping, Spatial Analysis, Boundaries & Densities, Movement & Transportation, Central Place Theory, Areal Distribution. Spatial Patterns Area Studies Descriptions of Regions & Areas, World Regional Geography, International Trends & Relationships, Regional Differences, Chorographic Tradition Man-Land Human impact on Nature, Nature impact on Humans, Natural Hazards, Perception of Environment, Environmentalism, Cultural, Political and Population Geography Earth Science Physical Geography, The Spheres – litho, hydro, atmo, & bio. Earth-Sun interaction, Earth as Home, Geology, mineralogy, paleontology, glaciology, geomorphology & meteorology

The Classic Stages of Demographic Transition Birth rate Natural increase Death rate Time Note: Natural increase is produced from the excess of births over deaths. Lesson Plan: The Demographic Transition, Activity One